


























AMERICAN 


CIIOOL GEOGRAPHY, 


CONTAINING A GENERAL VIEW 


OF 


.'iATHEiVATICAL, PHYSICAL AND CIVIL GEOGRAPHY, 


ah i i 


It APACJTIE8 OF CTnLDJR’.v, 


TXTH AW -k^XAS. 




Bv BARNUM FIELD, A. M. 

PRINCIPAL Of TB2 HANCOCK C1UMMAI1 SCHOOL FOR GIRL TIOSTO**. 


4 

REVISED EDITION. 


, BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM HYDE, C CO. 

and RICHARDSON, LORD &. HOLBROOK. 

1832 . 
























SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 


embracing a general view 


OF 


MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND CIVIL GEOGRAPHY, 


adapted to the capacities of children. 



WITH AN ATLAS. 


*■' 'i 

- - j - 

BY BARNUM FIELD, A. M. 

Principal of the Hancock Grammar School for Girls, Boston. 


REVISED EDITION 



BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM HYDE, AND 
RICHARDSON, LORD &. HOLBROOK. 

1832 . 





Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1831 , 
By William Hyde, 

m the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 





% 


STEREOTYPED BY LYMAN THURSTON & <JO. 
BOSTON. 




PREFACE 


The design of Geography , as the word implies, is to give us 
a knowledge of the Earth on which we live. Most authors 
have made it more extensive than the subject will properly ad¬ 
mit. It is not our wish to depreciate the merits of other 
authors; but still we have thought, after several years experi¬ 
ence in teaching this useful branch of education, that some 
improvement might be made, to bring the study more to the 
capacities of children. It is* believed that there has been a 
great mistake, not only as to what was important, but as to 
what was practicable for children to learn. Teachers have 
found that a minuteness of detail and description has tended 
rather to confuse than inform the pupil. To describe, for 
example, as many surfaces and climates as we have States 
and territories in our country, with the like exactness on 
other unimportant matters, will tend but little to elevate the 
mind. This exactness we often find required of the learner, 
as it regards characteristics and localities of some of the 
smallest places not only in our own country, but of those in 
foreign countries. There can be but little advantage to the 
mind in the exercise of acquiring such knowledge, while the 
information itself is as unimportant as the mineralogy of the 
frigid zones. Another difficulty, in most text books, is the 
blending of objects together, which should be kept distinct. 
We often find on the same page, matters peculiar to the whole 
subject of Mathematical, Physical and Civil Geography, and 
if the author’s directions are followed, tluey must be all learnt 
in the same lesson. It would not be more useless or unap¬ 
propriate to introduce an Encyclopedia as a text book for 



IV 


PREFACE. 


our common schools. There are many such works of great 
merit, and valuable to more mature minds for books of refer¬ 
ence, but entirely unsuitable for schools. It has been from 
such sources that we have derived most of our information 
in this small treatise. It was our design not only to omit 
many such particulars as have been mentioned, but to classify 
what we consider more important to be learned into a syste¬ 
matic order. 

What is usually termed the inductive system in Geography , 
is not a characteristic of this book, nor can we see reasons to 
adopt it. If the pupil must be first taught the locality of his 
own house, village, town, and state, before he can understand 
any thing of the form and grand divisions of the Earth, he 
must upon the same principles be kept ignorant of the defini¬ 
tion of Geography, till he has learned every thing that belongs 
to this science. This principle, if carried through, would re¬ 
quire a scholar to find a town, on his map, before he could 
know or understand any thing about the state or country in 
which it is located. 

To pursue the study of Geography understanding^, the 
pupil must first understand the nature of a map, and the direc¬ 
tion of the more prominent parts of the globe, from each 
other; this he cannot do without seeing a representation of the 
whole together. He ought early to understand that the Earth 
is a sphere, and to have an idea of the three principal divisions 
of the subject, and then his attention should be confined to the 
important natural divisions of the surface of the globe, with so 
much of civil Geography as will enable him to give names 
to the different portions of the Earth. This will prepare him 
to study to more advantage its numerous phenomena, and re¬ 
lation to the great system of which it is a part. The nature 
and wonders of the elements, and the degrees of civilisation 
should form distinct subjects for his attention. 


B. F. 


5 


THE AMERICAN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

The following; letter has been addressed to the Author, by the 
Principals of the Public Grammar Schools , Boston. 

To Barnum Field, Esq. 

Sir —We have examined your work on Geography, and consider it de¬ 
cidedly preferable to any other now used in our Public Schools. 

We are particularly gratified to find, that you have omitted the useless and 
unimportant matter, generally imbodied in other School Geographies, which 
makes it not only necessary for the pupil to study over a heterogeneous mass of 
facts, altogether disconnected with the main subject, but likewise dooms him 
to the mental drudgery of committing and reciting numerous catalogues of 
unimportant names and localities, which if recollected, would be worse than 
useless, and tend much to perplex the mind, and imjiede the progress of the 
scholar in obtaining that knowledge of the subject which instruction is design¬ 
ed to impart. We think your system well adapted to the capacities of children, 
and that it contains all that is in any way important to be taught in this ele¬ 
mentary branch of education. Such other minute information on this subject 
as may at times be necessary or useful, in the casual purposes of life, should be 
obtained from the larger books. Gazetteers, and Maps of reference, proper for 
the library; but it should by no means whatever, as it is too frequently at¬ 
tempted, form any part of the Text Books of our Common Schools. 

We would add, that we are much pleased with the Maps accompanying the 
work, which unlike any we have seen, contain only the most prominent places, 
and are not crowded and rendered wholly illegible by a multitude of inconsid¬ 
erable and unimportant places. Respectfully, 

CORNELIUS WALKER, Eliot School, 
ABRAHAM ANDREWS, Bowdoin School , 
CHARLES FOX, Boylston School , 

R. G. PARKER, Franklin School, 
SAMUEL BARRETT, Adams School, 
WILLIAM P. PAGE, Hawes School. 

Boston, October 31s/, 1831. 


The following among many other notices have appeared in the Public 

Journals. 

From the American Statesman, Boston. 

The American School Geography, by Barnum Field, A. M., is the title of 
a new Geography recently published by William Hyde. Mr. Field is Princi¬ 
pal of the Hancock Grammar School, and is deservedly esteemed as a teacher 
of exalted merit. The plan adopted by Mr. Field, appears to us to be decid¬ 
edly preferable to any heretofore pursued in the arrangement of similar works, 
and one which is excellently well adapted to the understanding of pupils. 
The plain and distinct manner iu which Mr, Field has arranged the Mathe¬ 
matical, Physical and Civil branches of his Geography, is a very great im¬ 
provement; the confused style in which these different departments of Geog¬ 
raphy are jumbled together in most publications of this character, is a serious 
objection to them, and in many instances renders them almost entirely in¬ 
comprehensible to the student. 


1# 



6 


From the Boston Commercial Gazette. 

We have received a copy of the “ American School Geography, with an 
Atlas, by Barnum Field, Principal of the Hancock Gtammar School for girls, 
Boston.” It professes to be an elementary work for children. We have been 
much pleased with the simple and perspicuous classification of the several parts, 
which are brought within the comprehension of children of the most moderate 
capacity. For the common purposes of life, it is sufficiently minute without 
being complex, and, though we had already many excellent treatises on Geog¬ 
raphy, yet we think this is such a work as will be extensively introduced into 
our schools and seminaries. 


From the American Traveller, Boston. 

Mr. Field, the Principal of the Hancock School for girls, has proved 
himself a judicious Author as well as an Instructer; and his Geography and 
Atlas, just published by Win. Hyde, will probably be introduced as an elemen¬ 
tary book in many of the public schools. Its excellence consists in its brevity, 
simplicity and great clearness. There are no tediousness of description and 
minuteness of detail, to load the mind and weary the memory; no narration 
of unimportant facts and blending together of distinct subjects, to perplex 
the ambitious, and dishearten the weak; but whatever is necessary for a be¬ 
ginner in the department of Geography, is here brought within a small compass 
and arranged with the skilful hand of a master. 


From the Evening Gazette, Boston. 

“The American School Geography, with an Atlas. By Barnum Field, 
A. M. Principal of the Hancock Grammar School for girls, Boston. Publish¬ 
ed by Wm. Hyde: 1831.” 12mo. pp. 152. 

We have before us twenty-five different School Geographies, that have been 
published within the last fifteen or twenty years—three-fourths of them, at 
least, in New England, and within the last ten years. Truly, we live in an 
age of books, and in a country of books; and, to the making of them, Solomon 
emphatically said, there is no end! The question is an obvious one, why add 
to the number of Geographies, when so many are before the public! Perhaps 
our Author would say, a large portion of these works are entirely unfit for their 
intended use. Whether he would say so, or not, we are prepared to say so, 
and to say even more, that they are mere literary trash. 

The work, however, of Mr. Field, now under consideration, is what it pro¬ 
fesses to be—a School Geography —we mean, a book fit to be used in school 
—containing all on the science of Geography suitable to be studied in the great 
mass of our schools, and nothing else. All diffuse narratives in Political 
Geography interesting and invaluable for family use, and ail statistical details 
important to the scholar for reference, are left out. The volume is sufficiently 
comprehensive, to furnish the pupil with a general idea of the subject, and to 
occupy all the time usually in schools apportioned to it. And die compend of 
Mr. Field is the more worthy of favorable notice, inasmuch, as the principles 
of instruction on which the work is executed is more philosophical than many 
of its predecessors, and is without cant and affectation for unimportant novel¬ 
ties, whether inductive or anti-inductive. 




7 


From the Journal of Humanity, published at Andover, Mass. 

New School Geography. Win. Hyde, of Boston, has just published “ the 
American School Geography, containing a general view of Mathematical, 
Physical and Civil Geography, adapted to the capacities of children, with an 
Atlas; by Barnum Fik ld. A. M. Principal of the Hancock Grammar 
School for Girls, Boston.” The principal claims of this work, are founded 
upon its more systematic arrangement, and its freedom from that minuteness 
of detail, and unnecessary attention to unimportant matters, with which other 
treatises are encumbered, and the study of which impedes die acquisition of 
enlarged and correct views of the science. These are certainly faults with 
which the text liooks in common use are all in a greater or less degree charge¬ 
able. We are pleased with the ideas advanced in the preface, and with the 
arrangement and general treatment of the subject. T he whole work is executed 
in neat and appropriate style, and its appearance is well calculated to secure a 
favorable reception. 


The following notice is from Mark A. D. W. Howe, A. M. Tutor 
in Brown University, and late principal of one of the Public Schools 
in Boston. 

The School Geography of Mr. Field, possesses some decided advantages 
over any other with which I am acquainted. In the making of school books, 
perhaps none of the many difficulties which arise, has had so little attention, 
as the selection of materials. There are many matters connected with 
every branch of knowledge which cannot profitably be laid before the youthful 
mind, and which if forced upon it, will only render its impressions of other 
items of undisputed value, confused and indistinct. The work in question tears 
evidence of much discernment in this respect; for while it has discarded a 
great mass of useless detail, it omits nothing, with which pupils ought to be 
acquainted. Nor is arrangement of less consequence than judicious selection; 
the great defect in all the other school Geographies with which I am familiar, 
is the want of a lucid and philosophical arrangement. Nothing more effectu¬ 
ally incapacitates a child for acquiring any knowledge of a subject than teing 
met on his first introduction to it, by a mass of disconnected facts. Mr. Field 
has avoided this source of difficulty. 

A very cursory glance at his Maps, will convince any one of their adapted¬ 
ness to the use of the young student, and still they exhibit all the important 
features which a map is designed to represent. 


From the Rev. E. M. P. Wells, Superintendent of the House of 
Reformation, Boston. 

Mr. Field, —Dear Sir .—I thank you for the pleasure you have afforded 
me in the examination of your Geography and Atlas. There are two ad¬ 
vantages which appear to me as peculiar to your American School Geography. 
One is its not burdening the pupil’s mind with a multitude of little things, 
which crow'd from the memory those more important; and the other is, its 
division into “ Mathematical, Physical, and Political.” 

March 15, 1832. 


From the American Advocate, Hollowell , Maine. 

We have before ns the American School Geography, by Barnum Field, pub¬ 
lished by Wm. Hyde of Boston. The system and arrangement of this work 
appear to us superior to those of other School Geographies with which we 
have been acquainted. 





8 


Maine Democrat, Saco. 

We have examined with much pleasure and satisfaction, a book entitled, 
“The American School Geography,” by Barnum Field, Principal of the 
Hancock Grammar School for Girls in Boston, recently published by Wm. 
Hyde. The sujjerior advantages of this work over any other of the kind, 
which we have seen, are, that it contains only the most important and neces¬ 
sary branches of the science of Geography. 

In this work too, another common evil, that of blending together objects 
which should be kept distinct, is carefully avoided. Each subject is treated 
of in its proper place; and explained by appropriate illustrations. The book 
is accompanied by a set of maps which are remarkably clear and distinct. 
We feel confident that this work merits the attention of all who are interested 
in the education of the young. 


From the Maine Mirror, Portland. 

Within our remembrance, Geography, if used at all, was used merely as a 
reading book, and Dr. Morse’s work was the only one much read. This was 
succeeded by Goldsmith’s, a reprint of an English work, accompanied with an 
Atlas. This was driven from the market by Cummings’s, a great improvement 
on the same general plan. Next followed ********** &c. till little seemed 
left to be done in the way of improvement in school books in this branch of 
science. But here we have another and successful attempt. It is absolutely 
a good book; not inferior to any one in the selection and arrangement of its 
contents. We doubt not it is destined to an honorable career among competit¬ 
ors. The daylight perspicuity, which pervades both the Geography and 
Atlas, we regard as its distinguishing excellence. 


From the Hingham Gazette. 

We have just received a copy of the American School Geography and 
Atlas. The compiler is Mr. Barnum Field, the experienced teacher of tlie 
Hancock School, Boston. We have examined the work, and we can cheer¬ 
fully say that we approve of the plan and execution of it by Mr. Field. He 
rejects the inductive system, and commences by teaching the pupil first to un¬ 
derstand the nature of a map, the relative situation of different parts of the 
glol>e; that the earth is a sphere, and also to have some idea of the general 
outlines and prominent divisions of the subject. 

He then gives more particular and interesting facts, which are judiciously 
classified. Much useless and unimportant matter embodied in other Geogra¬ 
phies, is omitted. The Atlas is not crowded with the names of inconsiderable 
places, and will not therefore confuse the scholar. 


\ 

From the Rhode Island American, Providence. 

Field’s School Geography is in many respects an improvement. We in¬ 
cline to the belief that a child will learn and certainly retain more by his 
inode, than by any other. Mr Field has given us a useful school book, and 
one that will bear examination. A great deal is comprised in this small 
volume. A good view is given at the close, of Astronomical, Physical, and 
Civil Geography. 





CONTENTS. 


Definitions, 

. wid, 

America, - 


13 

23 

24 


North America, - - 25 

British America, 26 

Lower Canada, - - - 2G 

Upper Canada, 27 

Nova Scotia, - - - 27 

New Brunswick, 27 

Newfoundland, - - - 28 

St. Johns and Cape Breton, 28 

New Britain, - - - 28 

Greenland, 28 

Russian Possessions, - - 29 

Mexico, .... 30 

Guatimala, or Central America, 31 
West Indies, - . - 32 

United States, - » - 35 

New England, or Eastern States,38 
Maine, - - - - 39 

New Hampshire, - - 40 

Vermont, - - - - 40 

Massachusetts, - - 41 

Rhode Island, * - - 42 

Connecticut, ... 44 

Middle States, - - - 40 

New York, ... 47 

New Jersey, - - - 48 

Pennsylvania, 48 

Delaware, - - - - 49 

Southern States, 51 

Maryland, - - - - 51 

District of Columbia, - 52 

Virginia, 52 

North Carolina, - - - 53 

South Carolina, » - 54 

Georgia, - - - - 55 

Alabama, ... 55 

Mississippi. - - - - 55 


Louisiana, 

Western States, 
Tennessee, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Missouri, 

Florida, 

Michigan, 

North West, or Huron Terr 
Arkansas Territory, 
Missouri Territory, 

Oregon Territory, 

South America, 
Colombia, 

Guiana, 

Peru, 

Bolivia, 

Brazil, 

United Provinces, 

Chili, 

Patagonia, 

Europe, 

Lapland, 

Norway, - 
Sweden, 

Russia, 

Poland, 

Denmark, 

Iceland, 

Great Britain, 

England, 

Wales, t 
Scotland, « 

Ireland, ■» 

Holland, 

Belgium, - 
Germany, 


56 


tory 


77 

- 77 

78 

- 78 
78 

- 80 


aaaaaaaaaa gssgggggs ssssssssssagg 







X 


CONTENTS, 


Prussia, - - - - 81 

Austria, 81 

Switzerland, - - - 81 

France, 82 

Spain, - - - - - 83 

Portugal, 84 

Italy, - - - - - 84 

Lombardy, - - - 85 

Kingdom of Sardinia, - - 85 

Parma, .... 85 

Modena and Lucca, - - 85 

States of the Church, - 85 

St. Marino, - - - 85 

Tuscany, - - - 85 

Naples, or the two Sicilies, - 85 

Turkey, .... 86 

Turkey in Europe, - - 86 

Greece, .... 86 

Ionian Republic, - - - 87 


Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, Fez- 
zan, Sahara, - - 103 

Western Africa, - - 103 

Central, Southern, South East¬ 
ern Africa, - - 104 

African Islands, - 105 

Oceanica, East India Islands, 105 
Australia, .... 107 
Polynesia, ... 108 


Solar System, 

The Four Seasons, 
Day and night, 
Tides, 

Eclipses, 

Terrestrial Globe, 


Turkey in Asia, 

- 90 

Natolia, 

90 

Syria, - 

- 90 

Armenia, 

91 

Diarbekir and Bagdad, 

- 91 

Russia in Asia, 

91 

Siberia, 

- 91 

Arabia, - - - 

91 

Independent Tartary, 

- 92 

Persia, - 

93 

Afghanistan, 

- 93 

Beloochistan, 

93 

Hindostan, - 

- 94 

Farther India, - 

95 

Birman Empire, - 

- 95 

Siam, - 

95 

Malacca, 

- 95 

Cambodia, 

95 

Laos, - 

- 95 

Cochin China, 

96 

Tonquin, 

- 96 

Chinese Empire, 

96 

China, 

- 96 


Thibet, Chinese Tartary, Corea, 9 
Japan,.98 


Mathematical Geography, 


113 

116 

117 

119 

120 
121 


Africa, - - - 99 

Egypt, - - - - 101 

Nubia, Abyssinia, Barbary, Mo¬ 
rocco, Algiers, - - 102 


Physical Geography, 

Ocean, .... 126 

Atmosphere, - - 127 

Winds, - 128 

Clouds, Rain, Snow, and Hail, 129 
Rivers, Mountains, - - 130 

Metals and Minerals, - 131 

Vegetables and Animals, - 131 

Man, .... 133 

Comparative length of Rivers, 133 
Comparative height of Moun¬ 
tains, - - - 134 

Civil Geography, 

Human Society, - - 136 

United States, Government, 137 
Religion, Finances, Army, 
Navy, ... 138 

Commerce, Exports, Imports, 139 
Agriculture, Manufactures, 140 
British Empire, Government, 141 
Religion, Finances, Army, 
Navy, Commerce, Man¬ 
ufactures, - - 142 

France, Government,Religion, 143 
Finances, Army, Navy, Com¬ 
merce, - - - 144 

Governments and Religions of 
the world, - - 145 

Chronological Table, - - 146 


Statistics, 


148 





PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 


Ab-er-deen', 

Abo'mey, 

Abyssinia, (ab-lss-ln'ya) 
Ac-a-purco, 

Ad-n-a-no'ple, 

Af-gan-is'tan, 

Ajaccio, (a-yat'cho) 
Al-le-gha'ny, 

Altai, (al-ta') 

Altamaha, (al-ta-ma-haw') 
Amherst, (erst) 

Amour', (-moor) 

Antigua, (an-te'ga) 
An-tiFles, 

Ap'en-nines, 

Ap-pa-lach'ee, 
Ap-pa-lach-i-co 7 la, 
Archipelago, (ar-ke-pel'a-go) 
Arkansas, (ar-kan-saw 7 ) 
Armagh, (ar-ma/) 
A-shan-tee', 

As-phal 7 ti-tes, 

Ath-a-pes 7 cow, (co) 

A-zores 7 , 

Ba 7 i-kal, 

Balize, (ba-lees 7 ) 

Basse Terre, (bas-tar 7 ) 

Baton Rouge, (ba/t’n-roozh 7 ) 
Be-na 7 res, 

Bornou, (noo 7 ) 

Bourdeaux, (boor-do 7 ) 
Breton, (bre-toon 7 ) 

Buenos Ayres, 

(bwa-nos-a'e-res) 


Cagliari, (kal 7 ya-re) 

Cairo, (ka 7 e-ro) 

Carlisle, (k&r-lil 7 ) 
Carlsri!i 7 he, (karlz-roo 7 a) 
Car-ta 7 go, 

Cau 7 ca-sus, 

Cayenne, (ki 7 an) 
Chamouni, (shaw'-moo-ne) 
Chaudiere, (sho-de-ar) 
Chili, (che 7 le) 
Chi-ll-c6 7 the, 

Chi-lo 7 e, 

Cob 7 be, 

Co-im 7 bra, 

Cologne, (ko-lon') 
C6r-dil 7 le-ras, 

Cuiaba, (kwe-a 7 ba) 
Darfour, (dar-foor') 
Dnie 7 per, (ne'per) 
Dniester, (nes 7 ter) 
Drontheim, (dron 7 tim) 
Edinburgh, (ed 7 in-bur-ro) 
England, (in 7 gland) 

E 7 rie, (e're) 

Esquimaux, (es 7 ke-mo) 
Es-se-qui'bo, 

Falkland, (fawk 7 land) 
Fou'lahs, (foo) 

Fryeburg, (fri 7 burg) 
Gaudaloupe, (gaw 7 da-loop) 
Gir 7 ge, 

Gloucester, (glos 7 ter) 

Gua-dal-ax 7 a-ra, 

Gua-dal-qu!v 7 er, 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 


Gua-nax-u-a'to, 

Gua-ti-ma/la, 

Guiana, (ghe-a/na) 
Guyaquil, (gui-a'kel) 
Hague, (hag) 

Havre de Grace, 

(haVr-de-gras) 

Hay'ti, 

Heb^i-des, 

Housa, (hoo'sa) 
Housatonic, (hoo / sa-ton / ic) 
Illinois, (il-le-noe 7 ) 

In'dia, (in'de-a) 

Indiana, (in-de-a'na) 
Indies, (in'diz) 
Kamts-chat'ka, 

Kenawha, (ke-naw'wa) 
Kiel, (kel) 

Knistenaux, (nis'te-no) 
Kob'be, 

Kouke, (koo'ka) 

Leicester, (les'ter) 

Liege, (le-ezh') 

Lille, (lei) 

Loire, (lwar) 

Louisburg, (loo'e-burg) 
Man-za-na'res, 

Marseilles, (mar-salz') 
Michigan, (mlsh-i-gan') 
Michilimack'inac, 

(mac-e-naw) 
Missouri, (m!s-soo re) 
Mon-o-mo-ta'pa 
Nantz, (nants) 

Neagh, (ne'a) 

Ni-ag'a-ra, 

Ni-ca-ra'gua, 

Ocean'ica, (o-she-an'e-ka) 
Opelousas, (o-pe-loo'sas) 


Ouisconsin, (wls-con'sin) 
O-why'ee, 

Pas-sa/ic, 

Popocatapetl, 

(po-po-ca-ta'pet-il) 
Po-to'mac, 

Poughkeepsie, (po-kep'se N 
Prague, (prag) 

Prussia, (ya) 

Puebla, (pwa'bla) 

Quito, (ke-to) 

Rheims, (rems) 

Rideau, (re-do') 

Rouen, (roo'ong) 

Saco, (saw'co) 
Sas-ka-shaw'an, 

Schuylkill, (skool'kil) 

Seine, (sen) 

Sken'e-at'e-les, 

Stabroek, (sta'brook) 
Sy-e'ne, 

Terra del Fuego, 

(ter-ra-del-fwa'go j 
Thames, (temz) 

Thibet, te'bet) 

Tonquin, (ton'kin) 

Toulon, (too-ldng') 
Toulouse, (too-looz') 
Trieste, (tre'est) 

Truxil'lo, (tni-hll'lo) 
Van-cou'ver, (coo) 
Ver-gennes', 

Wabash, (waw'bosh) 
Washita, (wosh'e-taw) 
Winnipiseogee, 

(win-e-pe-saw'ke) 
Worcester, (wurs'ter) 
Xalapa, (ha-la'pa) 


GEOGRAPHY 


Geography is a description of the Earth. 

The Earth is a large globe, or ball, and is sometimes 
called a sphere. Its diameter is about eight thousand 
miles. Its surface contains nearly two hundred millions 
of square miles. About one third is land, and the rest 
is water. 

The Earth is known to be round for the following reasons: 1st. 
The shadow of the Earth projected on the Moon in an eclipse is always 
circular—This appearance could only be produced by a spherical body. 
2nd. The convexity of its surface is evident from the mast of an ap¬ 
proaching ship being seen before its hull. 3d. Navigators have sailed 
round the world by steering their course continually eastward or 
westward, and arrived at length at the place from whence they start¬ 
ed. 

Mathematical Geography treats of the form of the earth, 
and of its representation upon a map or artificial globe. 

The illustration of the causes of the four seasons, of day and night, 
the tides and the eclipses, may be considered a part of Mathematical 
Geography. 

Phijsical Geography treats principally of the earth’s 
surface as diversified with continents, islands, mountains, 
deserts, oceans, seas, and rivers. 

Physical Geography is also considered to embrace an account of the 
atmosphere, minerals, vegetables, animals, &c. 

Civil or Political Geography treats of the govern¬ 
ments, civil and social institutions, manners, and relig¬ 
ions of countries. 

DEFINITIONS IN MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

A Map is the representation of the earth, or any part 
of it,upon a plain surface. 


B 



14 


DEFINITIONS IN 


There are four cardinal points, viz. North, South, East, and West. 
The sun rises in the East, and sets in the West. When we stand with 
the right hand to the East, the left hand is towards the West, the 
face towards the North, and the back towards the South. 

The top of a map is North, the bottom South, the right hand East, 
the left hand West. 



The various parts of the Earth are named according to the poi nt or 
direction, in which they are situated, as seen on the map.* 


N.Western. 

part. 


Northern. 

part. 


N. Eastern, 
part. 

Western 


Interior 


Eastern 

part. 


part. 


part. 

S. W. part. 


S. part. 

--: 

S. E. part. 


* The names of countries, towns, mountains, rivers, &c. men¬ 
tioned in this book, in Italic letters, are not inserted on the map. 























MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


15 


The Axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing 
through its centre from north to south* about which it 
revolves in 24 hours. 

The northern end of this axis, is called the north pole , and the 
southern end, the south pole. 


CIRCLES. 




r^~£jtopic 

IT C E R— '"'A 

1 E Q VM 

'tor ] 

\ tKOPICT OF / 

1 f apricorf 1 


\ CIRCLE / 


The Equator is an imaginary circle round the earth, at 
an equal distance from the poles. 

A Hemisphere is half of the globe. 

The Equator divides the globe into two hemispheres, northern and 
southern. 

The Tropics are two circles, parallel to the equator, 
at the distance of 23 degrees and 28 minutes from it. 

That north of the equator is the Tropic of Cancer, and that south, 
the Tropic of Capricorn. 

The Polar Circles are two circles 23 degrees and 28 
minutes from the poles. 

t 

That about the north pole is called the Arctic circle, and that 
about the south, the Antarctic. 







16 


DEFINITIONS IN 



The Zones are the divisions of the earth made by the 
Tropics and Polar circles. 

There are five Zones —viz. one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid. 
The torrid zone is the space between the Tropics. The temperate 
zones are the spaces between the tropics and the polar circles. The 
frigid zones are the spaces between the polar circles and the poles. 

A Degree is the 360th part of any circle. 

A degree of a great circle of the earth contains CO geographical, or 
C9£ English miles. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called 
minutes, and each minute into CO seconds. These divisions are usu¬ 
ally expressed by 0 for degrees, ' for minutes, and " for seconds. 



The Parallels of Latitude are circles rouna the earth, 
parallel to the equator. 























































MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


17 


The Latitude of a place is its distance from the equa¬ 
tor, north or south, reckoned in degrees and minutes. 

Latitude is expressed on maps by figures on the sides. Lati- 
tude can never exceed 90 degrees, as that is the distance from the 
equator to the poles. 


MERIDIANS. 



The Meridians are great circles crossing the equator 
at right angles, and passing through the poles. 

Every place has its meridian. When the meridian of any place is 
opposite the sun, it is noon at that place. 


The Longitude of a place is its distance east or west from 
some fixed meridian, reckoned in degrees and minutes. 

The longitude of all places mentioned in this book, will be reck¬ 
oned from the meridian of Greenwich near London. Longitude is 
expressed on the map of the World by figures on the equator, and on 
the other maps by figures at the top and bottom. If the figures 
increase from left to right, the longitude is east; if from right to 
left, it is west. Longitude cannot exceed 180 degrees, since this is 
half the circumference of the earth. All places more than 180 de¬ 
grees east from Greenwich, are in west longitude, and all places 
more than 180 degrees west are in east longitude, 

B 2 


to* 













18 


DEFINITIONS IN 


NATURAL DIVISIONS. 



DEFINITIONS IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

land. The land is divided into continents, islands, 
peninsulas, isthmuses, capes, mountains, deserts, and 
coasts. 

A Continent is the largest extent of land. 

Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia are continents. 

An Island is land surrounded by water. 

Newfoundland, Cuba, Borneo, and Madagascar, are islands. 




























PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


19 


A Peninsula is land almost surrounded by water. 

Spain, Morea, and Nova Scotia arc peninsulas. 

An Isthmus is a neck of land joining a peninsula to the 
main land. 

The Isthmus of Darien, which unites North and South America, 
and the Isthmus of Suez, which unites Asia and Africa, are the 
most noted. 

A Cape is a point of land extending into the sea. 

The Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn are the most prominent 
capes. Capes, where the land is elevated, are called promontories. 

A Mountain is a vast elevation of the earth. 

The principal mountains of North America, are the Rocky and 
Alleghany Mountains. 

If a mountain emit smoke and flame, it is called a volcano. 

Lava is the melted matter thrown up by an eruption of a volcano. 

Minerals are substances dug from mines. Metals, coal, sulphur, 
ochre, &c. are minerals. 

A Desert is an immense tract of barren land, on which 
there is no water. 

A Coast is land which borders on the sea or ocean. 

Water. The water is divided into oceans, sea9, 
lakes, gulfs bays, straits, channels, rivers, sounds, and 
friths. 

An ocean is the largest extent of water. 

There are five oceans, viz, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern 
and Arctic. 

A Sea is a vast extent of water, but smaller than an 
ocean. 

The Mediterranean and the Baltic are two of the most noted seas. 
A sea in which there are many islands, is sometimes called an archL 
pdago. 

A Lake is a large collection of fresh water in the inte¬ 
rior of a country. 

Lake Superior is the largest lake in the world. 



20 


DEFINITIONS IN 


A Gulf or Bay is a part of the sea extending into the land. 

The Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Biscay are two of the largest. 

A Sti'ait is a narrow passage of water between two 
seas,or between a sea and an ocean. 

The Strait of Gibralter separates Spain from Africa. 

A Channel is a passage of water wider than a strait. 

The British Channel is between England and France. The deep¬ 
est part of a river is sometimes called the channel. 

A Rivet' is a stream of water running into some ocean, 
sea, lake, or other river. 

The Mississippi is the largest river in North America, and the 
Amazon is the largest in South America. 

A Sound is a branch of the Sea so shallow that its depth 
may be measured. 

Long Island Sound is one of the most noted. 

A Frith is the widening of a river at the mouth. 

Havens or Harbors are small inlets of the sea where ships an¬ 
chor. 

DEFINITIONS IN CIVIL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

Government. There are three principal kinds of gov¬ 
ernment: viz. Monarchical, Aristocratical, and Republi¬ 
can government. All governments partake in some de¬ 
gree of one of these elementary systems. 

A Monarchy is a government exercised by one indi¬ 
vidual: if his power be subject to law, it is a limited mon¬ 
archy; but if not, it is an absolute monarchy, or despotism. 

An 4 Aristocracy is a government exercised by a few 
persons. 

A Republic is a government administered by rulers 
elected by the people. 


CIVIL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


21 


When several states are united and have one common govern¬ 
ment, it is called a Federal Republic. The government of the United 
States is a Federal Republic, and the states are usually divided into 
counties and towns, for political purposes, and the administration 
of justice. 

The principal Political Divisions of the earth are em¬ 
pires, kingdoms, dutchies, and republics. 

An Empire usually consists of several countries under 
the government of one man, called an Emperor. 

Russia, Austria, and Turkey are empires. 

A Kingdom is usually less extensive than an empire 
and is subject to a King. 

Great Britain, France, and Spain are Kingdoms. 

A Dutchy , Grand Dutchy , or Principality are portions 
of country, subject to a Duke, grand Duke or Prince, 
who is subject to some other power. 

Religion. There are four principal religions in the 
world; viz. the Pagan or Heathen, the Mahometan, the 
Jeivish , and the Christian. 

Paganism is the worship of idols or false gods. 

Mahometanism is a religion devised by Mahomet. 

It is contained in a book called the Koran. The followers of this 
religion are called Mussulmen or Mahometans. 

Judaism is the religion of the Jews. 

The Jews admit the authority of the Old Testament, but reject that 
of the New. They are dispersed throughout the world 

Christianity is the worship of the true God, as taught 
by Jesus Christ and the apostles, and is contained in the 
Holy Scriptures. 

Christianity is considered under three general divisions; Roman 
Catholic, Greek church, and Protestant. 

The Roman Catholics admit the supremacy of the Pope, and are 
called Papists. 


22 


THE WORLD OR EARTH. 


The Greek Church resembles the Roman Catholic in its form and 
ceremonies, but denies the supremacy of the Pope. 

Protestants are so called from their protesting against the author¬ 
ity of the Pope,at the time of the Reformation, in the 16th century. 


THE WORLD. 

The land of the world, or earth, may be considered 
under five grand divisions, sometimes called Continents; 
viz. America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. The 
islands of the Pacific ocean are called Polynesia. 

The water which composes the greater part of the sur¬ 
face of the earth, is principally divided into five oceans; 
viz. the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian, Southern and 
Arctic. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD. 

What ocean west of America? 

What ocean separates America from Europe and Africa? 

Which way is New Holland from the south part of Africa? 

What ocean south of Asia? 

In which hemisphere, the northern or southern, is there the most land? 
In which hemisphere are New Holland and New Zealand? 

In which are the Sandwich Islands and the Cape Verd? 

In which are Newfoundland, Iceland, and Japan ? 

In which are the Society Islands, and Madagascar? 

In which hemisphere, eastern or western, is America? 

In which are Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Holland? 

Through what part of Europe does the Arctic circle pass ? 

Through what part of Asia and Africa, does the tropic of Cancer 
pass ? 

Through what countries does the tropic of Capricorn pass ? 

In what zone is the north part of South America? 

In what zone are Spitz Bergen and Nova Zembla? 

In what zone is the south part of Africa ? 

What Dart of Africa is in the north temperate zone? 


THE WORLD OR EARTH. 


23 


What part of Asia is in the torrid zone ? 

What part of South America is in the torrid zone ? 

In what zone are the Friendly Islands? 

In what is New Zealand? 

In what latitude, north or south, is North America? Why? 

Which way from Asia to Africa ? 

In what latitude, north or south, is the southern part of Africa ? 

What sea between Europe and Africa? 

In what latitude, north or south, is New Holland? Why? 

What sea between Asia and Africa? 

Which way from Cape Good Hope is St. Helena? 

In what latitude, north or south, is Europe ? Why? 

What strait separates the continent of Asia from America? 

In what latitude is the continent of Asia, north or south ? Why ? 
What is the latitude of the Sandwich Islands ? 

In what latitude, north or south, is the greater part of South 
America ? Why ? What part is in north latitude ? 

What is the latitude of Cape Farewell ? 

In what latitude, north or south, is the southern part of Africa? 

In what zone are the Marquesas and Society Islands? 

In what latitude, north or south, is the northern part of Africa? 

Which is most northerly, New Hebrides or New Caledonia? 

Which way from the Sandwich Islands to the Society Islands ? 

What is the latitude of the Azores ? 

What is the latitude of the Bermudas ? 

Which side of the equator is Cape St. Roque ? 

What is the latitude of St. Domingo ? 

What is the latitude of Cape Horn ? 

What is the latitude of Cape Good Hope ? 

Which way from the United States to Europe? 

Which way is Madagascar from Africa ? 

Which way from the United States to the Cape Good Hope? 

Which way is New Holland from Asia ? 

Which way from the Cape Good Hope to China? 

Which way from Cape Horn to the Sandwich Isles ? 

Which side of the equator are New Guinea and Java ? 

Which is most easterly, Cape St. Roque or Newfoundland? 

Where is Japan? 

Which way from the United States to Greenland? 


24 


AMERICA, 


AMERICA. 

America is the largest of the grand divisions of the 
earth. It extends from latitude 75 north to Cape Horn, 
56 degrees south latitude. Its length is about 9000 
miles. It is divided into North and South America, at 
the Isthmus of Darien. 



NOTED MOUNTAINS OF NORTH AMERICA. 

Feet in height. 


1 Popocatapetl, Mexico 17,500 

2 Oriziba, do. 17,000 

3 Mt. St. Elias, Russian Possessions, 12,500 

4 Long Peak of Rocky Mountains, 12,500 

5 Elevation of the City of Mexico 7,500 

6 White Mountains, N. H. 6,600 

7 Camel’s Rump, Vt. 4,200 

8 Saddle Back, Mass. 4,000 

9 Table Mountains, S. C. 4,000 

10 Grand Monadnock, N. H. 3,300 

11 Alleghany Mountains, average height. 2,400 



































NORTH AMERICA. 


25 


NORTH AMERICA. 

North America is divided into British America, Rus¬ 
sian Possessions, and Greenland, in the north; and the 
States of Mexico and Guatimala in the south; and the 
United States in the middle. 

Mountains. The principal mountains in North America, 
are the Rocky Mountains, which extend along the west¬ 
ern side; and in Mexico are called-Cordilleras. 

Gulfs and Bays. Baffin’s and Hudson’s are the two 
great Bays. The three largest Gulfs are Mexico, Califor¬ 
nia, and St. Lawrence. 

Rivers. Some of the principal rivers are the Mississippi, 
Missouri, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Rio del Norte, Mack¬ 
enzie, Severn, and Colorado. 

The Mississippi receives the waters of many large 
rivers. It is navigable to St. Anthony’s Falls, about 
2,400 miles. The navigation is difficult and mostly by 
steamboats. The river overflows its banks every spring. 

The Missouri is a western branch of the Mississippi. 
It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and is navigable for 
boats to the Great Falls, 4000 miles by the river from 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

The St. Lawrence is the outlet of the five great lakes, 
Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario. It runs 
northeasterly into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is navi¬ 
gable for ships of the line to Quebec, and for large ves¬ 
sels to Montreal, 580 miles from the ocean. 

The Columbia or Oregon rises in the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains, and flows southwesterly into the Pacific Ocean. 
It is navigable for sloops 180 miles. 

The Rio Del Norte rises in the Rocky Mountains, and 
runs southeasterly into the Gulf of Mexico. Its naviga¬ 
tion is much obstructed by sand bars. 

Mackenzie River is the outlet of Slave Lake, ana 
flows into the Arctic Ocean. 

C 


2(3 


BRITISH AMERICA. 


The Severn is the outlet of Lake Winnipeg and flows 
into Hudson’s Bay. 

The Colorado rises on the west side of the Rocky 
Mountains, and runs southwesterly into the Gulf of 
California. 

Lakes. North America is distinguished for the num¬ 
ber and size of its lakes. The principal are Superior, 
Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, Winnipeg, Slave, 
Great Bear, and Lake of the Hills; all of which are 
navigable. 

Islands. The West India Islands, the Bermudas, New¬ 
foundland, Long Island, and Vancouver’s, are the prin¬ 
cipal. 

BRITISH AMERICA. 

British America comprehends all the northern part 
of the continent, except the Russian Possessions and 
Greenland. 

It comprises the four provinces of Lower Canada, 
Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the 
Islands of Newfoundland, St. Johns, and Cape Breton, 
and the vast region of New Britain. 

LOWER CANADA. 

Lower Canada lies on both sides of the St. Lawrence, 
and is separated from Upper Canada by the Ottawa river. 

The most populous part of Lower Canada consists of a 
fertile valley, through which the St. Lawrence flows. 

Rivers. The river St. Lawrence forms the most strik¬ 
ing feature of the country. 

Towns. Quebec, the capital of all British America, 
is built on a promontory at the confluence of St. Charles 
with the St. Lawrence, nearly 400 miles from the ocean. 

Montreal, situated on an island in the St. Lawrence, 
at the head of ship navigation, 180 miles above Quebec, 
is the most commercial town in Canada, and the great 
emporium of the fur trade. 


BRITISH AMERICA. 


27 


UPPER CANADA. 

Upper Canada is separated from the United States by 
the great lakes and the St. Lawrence, and from Lower 
Canada by the Ottawa River; but its limits to the corth 
and west are not defined. 

The country is covered with forests, except that part 
which borders on the St. Lawrence tnd the lakes. 

Lakes. One half of the lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, 
and Superior, are included in Lower Canada. 

Canals. There are two canals, viz. the Welland, uniting 
Lake Erie and Ontario, 41 miles long;—and the Rideau, 
160 miles long, extending from Kingston to the Ottawa 
River. 

Towns. York, the seat of government, is situated on 
the northwest side of Lake Ontario. 

Kingston, at the northeast end of Lake Ontario, is 
the largest town and the British naval station on the lake. 

NOYA SCOTIA. 

Nova Scotia is a large peninsula about 300 miles 
long, and is partly separated from New Brunswick, by 
the Bay of Fundy. 

Towns. Halifax is the capital, and is the principal 
English naval station in America. 

NEW BRUNSWICK. 

New Brunswick is situated between the northeast part 
of the United States and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

Rivers. The St. Johns is the principal river. 

Bays. The Bay of Fundy is the principal bay. 

This bay is remarkable for its tides, which sometimes rise 60 
feet. 

Towns. Frederickton, on the St. Johns River, is the 
geat of government. 


28 


GREENLAND. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Newfoundland is situated east of the Gulf of St. Law¬ 
rence, separated from Labrador by the Strait of Bellisle, 
and is 380 miles long. 

Towns. St. Johns is the capital. 

Grand Bank. The shoals east of Newfoundland, called 
the Grand Bank, are valuable for their cod fisheries. 

St. JOHNS and CAPE BRETON. 

The Islands of St. Johns and of Cape Breton are each 
about 110 miles long, and are valuable chiefly for their 
fisheries. 

Towns. Louisburg is the principal town of Cape Breton. 
NEW BRITAIN. 

This is the name of all the northern part of British 
America, which, with the exception of a few trading es¬ 
tablishments, is in the possession of the natives. It is 
generally a barren and mountainous country. 

Rivers. The Mackenzie, Nelson, Saskashawan, 
Severn, and Albany, are the principal rivers. 

Lakes. The Winnipeg, Slave, and Lake of the Hills 
are the principal lakes. 

Indians. The Esquimaux, and the Knistenaux are the 
principal native tribes. 

GREENLAND. 

Greenland, an extensive country belonging to Den¬ 
mark, is the most northern region of the globe, but its 
northern limits have not been ascertained. 

It is a dreary country, chiefly composed of barren and 
rocky mountains, whose summits are covered with per¬ 
petual snow and ice. 


RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS. 


29 


RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS. 

Russia possesses a large tract of country in the 
northwest part of North America, inhabited mostly by 
Indians. 

It is cold, and but little known, and contains the high 
mountains of St. Elias. 

The number of Russians is about 1000, who are en¬ 
gaged in the fur trade with the natives. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

What ocean north of North America? 

What ocean east of North America? 

What ocean on the west and southwest? 

How is North America bounded ? 

In what part of it are the Russian Possessions? 

In what part is British America? 

What two large bays in the northeastern part of North America? 

Into what does the St. Lawrence flow? 

What bay in the southern part of Hudson’s Bay ? 

Where is Vancouver’s Island? 

Where is Hudson’s Strait? Where is Greenland? 

Where is Labrador? Where is Long Island? 

Where is Lake Winnipeg? Where is Slave Lake? 

Which is most northerly, Baffin’s Bay or Hudson’s? 

What part of British America do the Esquimaux inhabit? 

What is the southern cape of Greenland ? 

Into what does the Severn River flow? 

What large island east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence? 

Which way does the Mississippi run? 

What part of British America do the Knistenaux inhabit ? 

C 2 


30 


MEXICO. 


Which way from Nova Scotia to New Brunswick? 

Which way is Lower Canada from Upper Canada? 

Where is Quebec? Where is Montreal? 

Which way from Nova Scotia is the Grand Bank? 

Where are the Bermudas Islands? 

MEXICO. 

Mexico was formerly a colony of Spain, but it is now 
an independent republic. 

Mountains. This country is traversed by a chain of 
mountains, called the Cordilleras, a part of the great 
range of Rocky Mountains. 

Some of these mountains are volcanic, and many are 
constantly covered with snow. One of the most remark¬ 
able summits is the volcano Popocatapetl. 

Rivers. The Rio Del Norte, and Colorado are the two 
largest rivers. 

Peninsulas. Mexico has two peninsulas, California, 
which is about 900 miles long, and Yucatan, which is 
noted for mahogany. 

Mexico is celebrated for its silver mines, which are the 
richest in the world. One extends 8 miles, and is 1640 
feet in depth. 

Towns. Mexico, the capital, is elevated nearly 7,500 
feet above the level of the ocean, and is surrounded by 
mountains. 

Puebla is the second city in population, and its situ¬ 
ation is elevated. Guadalaxara and Queretaro are also 
large towns. 

Guanaxuato and Zacatecas are famous for their silver 
mines; and Xalapa for the medicinal root called Jalap. 

Mexico has but few good harbors; some of the best 
are Vera Cruz and Tampico, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
and Acapulco and San Bias, on the Pacific Ocean. 


GIJATIMALA. 


31 


GUATIMALA, 

or CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Guatemala, a long isthmus forming the most southern 
part of North America, was formerly subject to Spain, but 
was declared independent in 1.821; and has since been 
styled the Republic of Central America. 

Mountains. This country is extremely mountainous, 
has many volcanoes, and is subject to earthquakes. 

The part bordering on the Bay of Honduras, produces 
mahogany and logwood. 

The rivers are small. The principal lake is Nicaragua. 

Towns. Guatimala, the capital, is situated near the 
Pacific Ocean, and has a good harbor. 

Some of the other principal towns, are Leon, Cartago, 
and Chiapa; Balize, a noted port on the Bay of Honduras, 
is the capital of a small province of the same name, be¬ 
longing to Great Britain. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, CONTINUED. 

How is Mexico bounded ? How is the City of Mexico situated ? 
What bay southeast of the Yucatan? 

Where is the Bay of Campeachy ? 

Which way from Mexico to Acapulco ? 

Where is Guatimala? How is it bounded? 

In what part of Guatimala is Lake Nicaragua? 

Into what does the Rio Del Norte flow? 

Where is Cape St. Lucas? « 

Into what does the Colorado flow? 

On what river is Santa Fe? 

Near what parallel of latitude is the City of Mexico? 

Where is Balize ? 


82 


WEST INDIES. 


WEST INDIES. 


The West India Islands lie between North and South 
America. The Bahama Islands are the most northern, 
and Trinidad the most southern. 

The West Indies comprise the Bahamas, the Great 
Antilles, and the Caribbee Islands. Dominica and all 
that lie between it and Porto Rico are called Leeward 
Islands; Martinico and all to the south of it Windward 
Islands. 

The Bahama Islands are numerous. One of them now 
called Cat Island, is noted for being the first land in 
America, discovered by Columbus. 

The four Great Antilles, namely, Cuba, Hayti, Jamai¬ 
ca, and Porto Rico, are the largest. Guadaloupe, Mar¬ 
tinico, and Barbadoes, are the largest of the Caribbee 
Islands. 

These islands, with the exception of Hayti and Mar¬ 
garita, belong chiefly to Great Britain, Spain, and France. 


THE PRINCIPAL WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 



Belonging to Chief Toums. 

Britain Nassau. 


Nassau. 


Independent 


Cape Haytien. 


Spain 

Britain 

Spain 


Havanna. 
Kingston. 
St. Juan. 


LEEWARD ISLANDS. 


*3 f Guadaloupe 
g Antigua 


-2 Santa Cruz 
I St. Christopher 
| Dominica 
:S St. Eustatia 
§ St. Bartholomew 
^ 1 St. Thomas 


France 

Britain 

Denmark 

Britain 


Basse Terre. 
St. Johns 
Santa Cruz. 


do. 


Roseau. 


Holland 

Sweden 

Denmark 


Gustavia 


The Bay. 



WEST INDIES. 


33 


IVINDWARD ISLANDS. 


a 


'Martinico 
Barbadoes 
Grenada 
Trinidad 
St. Vincent 
Tobago 
Margarita 


Belonging to 

France 

Britain 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Columbia 


Chief Toicns. 

St. Pierre. 

Bridgetown. 

St. George. 

Port of Spain. 

Kingston. 

Scarborough. 

Ascension. 


The West India Islands in the interior are generally 
mountainous; but there are numerous rich valleys. 

These Islands lie chiefly within the torrid zone, and 
have a hot climate. In August and September tremen¬ 
dous hurricanes are common. 

Four fifths of the inhabitants are blacks, who are most¬ 
ly slaves. The white inhabitants are most numerous in 
Cuba and Porto Rico. 

Cuba is the largest and most important of the West 
Indies. Havanna is the capital. 

Hayti was formerly called Hispaniola and St. Domingo , 
and was divided between France and Spain. Here the 
first European colony was established by Columbus; and 
here also the first independent state was formed by 
African slaves. 

The principal towns in Hayti, are Cape Haytien, St. 
Domingo, and Port au Prince. 

Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, is a large commer¬ 
cial town. 


QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, CONTINUED. 

Which way from the United States to the West India Islands? 
Where is the Gulf of Mexico? Where is the Caribbean Sea? 
Where are the Bahama Islands? 

Which is most easterly, Cuba or Hayti? 

Where is the Gulf of California? 

Of what island is Havanna the capital? How is it situated? 
Where is Port au Prince ? Where is Cat Island ? 

Which most northerly, Barbadoes or Trinidad? 



34 


QUESTIONS. 


Which way is Hayti from Cuba? Where is Cape Haytien? 

Where is Porto Rico? 

Of what Island is Kingston the capital? 

Which way from Hayti to Jamaica? 

Which way from Cuba to Bahama Isles ? 

What two large rivers from the west run into the Mississippi? 

What range of mountains in the western part of North America? 
Where is Mt. St. Elias ? 

Into what does the Columbia River run? 

What lakes between Canada and the United States ? 

Into what does Nelson River run ? 

Near what parallel of latitude is New Orleans ? 

Which way from Hudson’s Bay is New North Wales? 

Which way from Labrador to Greenland? 

Which way from Hudson’s Bay is New South Wales? 

Near what mountains does the Missouri rise, and what direction does 
it run ? 

In what part of North America is Mexico ? 

In what part are Labrador and Nova Scotia? 

To what parallel of latitude does the northern boundaxy of the United 
States nearly extend? 

Which way does Mackenzie River run? 

Between what two parallels of latitude do the United States lie? 
North of what sea are Cuba, Hayti and Porto Rico? 

Which way from Labrador is Cape Farewell? 

Which way from the United States to the Russian Possessions? 
Which way from the United States is Newfoundland? 

Where is Alaska? 

Where is Bhering’s Strait? 

Where is Davis Strait? 

Which way from Labrador to Mexico ? 


UNITED STATES. 


35 


UNITED STATES. 


The territory of the United States extends from the 
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific—a distance of three thou¬ 
sand miles—and from the British Possessions, to the Gulf 
of Mexico, a distance of about 1700 miles. 

Mountains. The Rocky Mountains, in the west, and 
the Alleghanies, in the east, are the two great ranges, in 
the United States. The highest summit, of the Rocky 
Mountains, is 12,500 feet. The White Mountains, in New 
Hampshire, are the highest east of the Mississippi. The 
Alleghanies extend from the State of Alabama to New 
York. 

Lakes. Michigan and Champlain are the largest lakes 
in the United States. Lake Superior, Huron, Erie, and 
Ontario, are partly in the. United States and partly in 
Canada. 

Rivers. The Mississippi is the most distinguished. 
Its principal branches are the Missouri, Arkansas, Ohio, 
and Red. 

Tennessee, Cumberland, and the Wabash, are the 
largest rivers that empty into the Ohio. 

The principal rivers, on the eastern coast of the Unit¬ 
ed States, are Penobscot, Kennebeck, Androscoggin, 
Saco, Merrimack, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Sus- 
quehannah, Potowmac, Rappahannock, York, James, 
Roanoke, Pamlico, Neuse, Cape Fear, Pedee, Santee, 
Edisto, Cambahee, Savannah, Ogeechee, Altahama, St. 
Mary’s and St. John’s. These rivers are all large, and 
most of them navigable. 

Bays. The principal bays are Massachusetts, Del¬ 
aware, and Chesapeake. 

Sounds. The three principal sounds are Albemarle, 
Pamlico, and Long Island Sound. 

Islands. The principal islands are Long Island, and 
Vancouver’s. 

Climate. The United States lie in the northern tem¬ 
perate zone, and embrace the most favorable portion of 
North America, in regard to climate and productions. 


36 


UNITED STATES. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What lies north of the United States? What on the east? What 
the south? What on the southwest? What on the west? 

How are the United States bounded? 

In what part are the Rocky Mountains? 

Where are the Alleghany Mountains? 

Where is Lake Michigan? Where is Lake Superior? 

Which is most northerly, Lake Huron, or Lake Erie? 

Which is most westerly, Lake Erie, or Lake Ontario? 

In what part of the United States is Oregon Territory? 

What mountains are there in Mexico? 

Where is Texas? 

What river separates Upper Canada from Lower? 

Into what does the St. Maurice River run ? 

Into what does the Sorrel River run? 

Where are the Six Nations? 

Where is Cape Cod? Where is Cape May? 

What two capes east of North Carolina? 

Where is Long Island Sound? 

What two sounds east of North Carolina? 

Where is Delaware Bay? 

Where is Chesapeake Bay? 

What cape south of Florida? 

Which way from Maine to Florida? 

—From Georgia to Ohio? 

—From Mississippi to New York? 

—From Alabama to Indiana? 

Which way does the Ohio River run ? 

What two Rivers form the Ohio? 

Which way does the Arkansas run? 

Into what does the Red River run ? 

Into what does the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers empty ? 

Into what does the Connecticut run ? 


UNITED STATES, 


37 


POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


The number of states at the time they gained their in¬ 
dependence was 13; the present number is 24, besides 
the district of Columbia, and six large territories. They 
are divided into four grand divisions: 1st. the New Eng¬ 
land, or Eastern States; 2d. the Middle; 3d. the Southern; 
4th. the Western. 


New 
England 
or Eastern 
States. 


States. 
r l Maine, 

2 New Hampshire, 

3 Vermont, 

4 Massachusetts, 

5 Rhode Island, 

6 Connecticut, 


Seats of government. 
Augusta. 

Concord. 

Montpelier. 

Boston. 

Providence, Newport. 
Hartford, New Haven. 


(7 New York, 
Middle j 8 New Jersey, 
States. ] 9 Pennsylvania, 
^ 10 Delaware, 


Albany. 

Trenton. 

Harrisburg. 

Dover. 


'11 Maryland, 

12 Virginia, 

13 North Carolina, 

Southern 14 South Carolina, 

States. 15 Georgia, 

16 Alabama, 

17 Mississippi, 

18 Louisiana, 


Annapolis. 

Richmond. 

Raleigh. 

Columbia. 

Milledgeville. 

Tuscaloosa. 

Jackson. 

New Orleans. 


'19 Tennessee, 
20 Kentucky, 
Western 21 Ohio, 

States. 22 Indiana, 

23 Illinois, 

24 Missouri, 


Nashville. 

Frankfort 

Columbus. 

Indianofolis. 

Vandalia. 

Jefferson. 


District. Columbia, 


WASHINGTON. 


Territories. 


' Florida, 

Michigan, 

North West, or Huron, 
Arkansas, 

Missouri, 
k Oregon, 


Tallahasse. 

Detroit. 

Little Rock. 


D 






38 


UNITED STATES. 


NEW ENGLAND, or EASTERN STATES. 

The New England or Eastern States lie east of the 
Hudson River. They embrace the most northern part 
of the Union. 

Mountains. The White Mountains, in New Hamp¬ 
shire, are 6,600 feet high. The Green Mountains extend 
through Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. 

Rivers. The Connecticut is the great river of New 
England; it rises in Canada, and separates New Hamp¬ 
shire and Vermont, and runs through Massachusetts and 
Connecticut, into Long Island Sound. It is navigable to 
Hartford for sloops, and, by locks and canals, it lias been 
made navigable for boats nearly its whole length. 

The Merrimack has its source in the White Mountains, 
and runs through the middle of New Hampshire and the 
northeast part of Massachusetts, and flows into the Atlan¬ 
tic near Newburyport. It is navigable to Haverhill, 18 
miles from its mouth. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES. 

What ocean east of Massachusetts ? 

What state east of New Hampshire? 

Which is most easterly, Vermont or New Hampshire? 

What rivers separates them ? Which way does it flow ? 

Which is most easterly, Rhode Island or Connecticut? 

What cape northeast of Boston ? Where is Cape Cod ? 

Which way from Boston to Portland? 

What three states east of New York ? 

What river in the western part of Connecticut? 

Which way from Connecticut to Maine ? 

—-—From Boston to Hartford? 

-From Hartford to Providence? 

-From Norwich to Pittsfield? 

What two states lie north of Massachusetts ? 

Which way from Boston to Providence ? 

What separates Connecticut from Long Island ? 

What two states south of New York? 

Where is Cape Malabar? 


UNITED STATES, 


39 


MAINE. 



MARINERS’ CHURCH, PORTLAND. 

Maine is the most northern and eastern and is the 
largest of the New England States. It is remarkable 
for its extensive forests, great extent of sea coast, and 
many excellent harbors. 

Mountains. The Katahdin, in the centre of the state, 
are the highest. The greatest elevation is about 5000 
feet. A ridge 0 f the highlands forms the northwestern 
boundary of the state. 

Bays. Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, and Casco, are the 
three largest. 

Lakes. The principal lakes are the Moosehead, the 
source of the Kennebec River; and the Umbagog, in 
the western part of the state. 

Towns. Augusta, on the Kennebec River, is the 
seat of government. 

Portland, situated on Casco Bay, is the largest town, 
and was till 1832 the capital of the state. 











40 


UNITED STATES. 


The other large towns are Thomaston, Hallowell, 
Gardiner, Saco, Bath, Bangor, Belfast and Eastport. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

New Hampshire is mostly an inland state, and is dis¬ 
tinguished for its high mountains. 

Mountains. The White Mountains are in the northern 
part; the highest elevation is Mount Washington. The 
other principal mountains are Mousehillock, east of Hav¬ 
erhill, and Monadnock , southeast of Keene. 

Lakes. Winnipiseogee, near the centre of the state, 
is the largest. 

Rivers. The Connecticut, Merrimac, Piscataqua, 
Saco, and Androscoggin, are the principal. 

Islands. There is a cluster of small rocky islands 
near Portsmouth, called the Isle of Shoals. 

Towns. Concord, on the Merrimack, is the seat of 
government, and a flourishing town. Portsmouth, at the 
mouth of the Piscataqua, is the largest town in the state, 
and the only sea port; the United States’ navy yard is 
here. 

The other large towns are Dover, which has extensive 
manufactories, Exeter, Keene, Haverhill, Amherst, 
Charlestown, Lancaster, and Hanover 


VERMONT. 

Vermont is entirely inland and very mountainous. 

Mountains. The Green Mountains extend the whole 
length of the state. 

Rivers. The Connecticut, Lamoile, Onion, and Otter 
Creek, are the principal. 

Lakes. Lake Champlain is on the western side of 
Vermont, and communicates with the St. Lawrence by 
Sorrel River, which is navigable. 


UNITED STATES, 


41 


Towns. Montpelier, on the Onion River, is the seat 
of government. The other principal towns are Benning¬ 
ton, Windsor, Rutland, Burlington, Middlebury, Vergen- 
nes, and Brattleborough. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 



STATE HOUSE, BOSTON. 


Massachusetts is one of the oldest states in the 
Union, and is distinguished for its literary and benevo¬ 
lent institutions. 

Mountains . The Green Mountains extend through the 
western part of the state. Saddle Mountain, inWilliams- 
town, Mount Tom, and Mount Holyoke, near Northampton, 
and Wachusett in Princeton, are some of the most noted. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, 
Housatonic, Chickapee, Millers, Merrimack, Nashua, 
Taunton, Charles, and Pawtucket. 

D 2 














42 


UNITED STATES. 


Canals. Middlesex Canal, connecting Boston Harbor 
with Merrimack River, is 30 miles in length. The 
Blackstone Canal , extending from Worcester to Provi¬ 
dence, is 40 miles in length. 

Rail Road . There is a rail road in Quincy, about 
3 miles long. This was the first rail road built in the 
United States 

Bays. Massachusetts Bay is the largest. Buzzard’s 
Bay, on the south side of the Peninsula of Cape Cod, 
extends about 40 miles into the land. 

Islands. The most considerable islands are Nantuck¬ 
et, and Martha’s Vineyard. 

Towns. Boston, situated on a small peninsula in Mas¬ 
sachusetts Bay, is the capital. It is a large, wealthy 
and beautiful city, and has a good harbor and an ex¬ 
tensive commerce. 

Salem is 14 miles northeast of Boston, and in com¬ 
merce, population, and wealth, is the third town in New 
England. 

Plymouth, 36 miles S. E. of Boston, was the first set¬ 
tled town in New England. Newburyport, Marblehead, 
Beverly, and Gloucester are extensively concerned in the 
cod fisheries. New Bedford and Nantucket have many 
vessels in the whale fishery. Lowell, Taunton, Waltham, 
Troy, and Springfield have extensive manufactories. 
Cambridge is noted for its University; Andover for its 
Theological Seminary; Charlestown is noted for the 
United States navy yard, State Prison, and the Insane 
Hospital. 

The other large towns are Worcester, Northampton, 
Pittsfield, Concord, Dedham, Lenox, and Amherst. 


UNITED STATES. 


43 


RHODE ISLAND. 



THE ARCADE, PROVIDENCE. 

Rhode Island is a small state, but distinguished for 
its manufactures. The first cotton factory, in the United 
States, was built in this state. 

Bays. Narraganset Bay extends nearly through the 
eastern part of the state. It is navigable for large ships 
to Providence, 30 miles from the ocean, and is about 15 
miles wide. 

Rivers. The principal are the Pawtucket, or Black- 
stone , and Pawcatuck. 

Islands. Rhode Island, from which the state takes its 
name, is situated in Narraganset Bay. It is 15 miles in 
length, and 3 1-2 in breadth. The Connanicut and Pru¬ 
dence are the other most prominent islands in the bay. 
Block Island, situated in the Atlantic, 10 miles south¬ 
west of Newport, has about 800 inhabitants. 

Towns. Providence and Newport are considered the 
capitals of the state. Providence is a wealthy and flour¬ 
ishing town, and has an extensive trade. Newport, at 












































44 


UNITED STATES. 


the south part of the island of Rhode Island, is delight¬ 
fully situated, and has a good harbor. The other prin¬ 
cipal towns are Bristol, Warren, East Greenwich, and 
South Kingston. 


CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut is a small state, distinguished for its man¬ 
ufactures, its literary institutions, and the intelligence, 
and good morals of its inhabitants. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, 
Thames, and Housatonic. The Thames is navigable to 
Norwich, and the Housatonic to Derby. 

Towns. Hartford is a wealthy town, and has an ex¬ 
tensive trade. New Haven is a flourishing place. The 
other principal towns are Middletown, New London, 
Norwich, and Litchfield. 

Canal. The Farmington Canal extends from New 
Haven to the northern part of the state, where it meets 
the Hampshire and Hampden Canal, which unites with 
the Connecticut River at Northampton. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES, 
CONTINUED. 

On what river is Augusta ? 

Which way does the Penobscot River run? 

Where is Bangor ? 

Which way does the Kennebec River run ? 

Which way does the Androscoggin run ? 

Into what does the Saco River flow? 

On what river is Brunswick? Where is Fryeburg? 

On what river are Bath and Hallowell ? 

Where is Portland? Saco? Lake Umbagog? 

How is New Hampshire bounded on the north ? 

What lie on the east? What on the south? 

What river forms the western boundary ? 

Where is Lake Winnipiseogee ? 

On what river is Concord? 

In what part of the state is it situated ? 

Where is Portsmouth? 


UNITED STATES. 


45 


In what part of New Hampshire is Keene ? 

In what part are Hanover and Charlestown? 

Where is Exeter? Dover? Amherst? Haverhill? Lancaster? 

In what part of New Hampshire are the White mountains ? 

What lake between Vermont and New York? 

How is Vermont bounded? 

In what part of Vermont, and on what river is Montpelier? 

On what river is Middlebury ? 

On what river are Brattleborough and Windsor? 

Where is Bennington? 

Through what part of Vermont do the Green Mountains extend? 

How is Massachusetts bounded ? 

In what part of the state is Boston ? 

Which way from Boston to Salem? 

On what river are Northampton and Springfield? 

On what island is Edgartown ? 

Where is Nantucket? 

What bay north of Martha’s Vineyard? 

Where is New Ledford? Worcester? Pittsfield ? Greenfield? 

Williamstown? Dedham? 

Which way from Boston to Taunton? 

On what river are Lowell, Haverhill, and Newburyport? 

How is Rhode Island bounded? 

In what part of the state is Providence? 

Which way from Providence to Bristol and Warren ? 

On which side of Narraganset Bay are East Greenwich, and 
South Kingston? 

Where is Newport? 

Which way from Newport to Block Island? 

What bay in the eastern part of Rhode Island ? 

How is Connecticut bounded ? 

On what river are Hartford and Middletown ? 

On what river is Norwich ? 

In what part of Connecticut is New London ? 

In what part is Litchfield ? 

Where is New Haven? Fairfield? Guildford? Brooklyn? 
Through what part of Connecticut does the Thames run ? 

On what river are Derby and Canaan ? 

Where is Bridgeport ? 


46 


UNITED STATES. 


MIDDLE STATES. 

The Middle States are distinguished for their grand 
canals, and also for their navigable rivers, on which 
steam navigation is very extensive. The soil in these 
states is generally good. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Hudson, Dela¬ 
ware, and Susquehannah. 

The Hudson, the largest river in New York, rises in 
the mountains west of Lake Champlain, and flows into 
the Atlantic near New York C*ty, and is navigable to 
Troy, 150 miles. 

The Delaware has its source in the Catskill Moun¬ 
tains, separates New York and New Jersey from Penn¬ 
sylvania, and empties into Delaware Bay. It is navi¬ 
gable for the largest ships to Philadelphia, and for sloops 
to Trenton. 

The Susquehannah, the largest river in Pennsylvania, 
rises in New York, and flows into Chesapeake Bay. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES, 
CONTINUED. 

Where is the Hudson River ? Which way does it flow ? 

What states does the Delaware River separate ? Into what does 
it flow ? 

Where is Lake Champlain ? 

Where are the Niagara Falls ? 

Where is Queenstown ? 

What state north of Pennsylvania ? 

What three states on the south ? 

Where is Cape May ? Where is Sandy Hook ? 

What state west of Delaware ? 

Which way from New York to Philadelphia? 

What lake and river north of New York ? 

Which way does the Susquehannah River run ? 

Into what does it flow ? 

Which way from Philadelphia to Buffalo ? 

-From Trenton to Harrisburg ? 

-From Harrisburg to Lake Erie? 


UNITED STATES. 


47 


NEW YORK. 



CITY HALL, NEW YORK. 

New York is the first state in the Union, in regard 
to commerce, population, and wealth. 

Mountains. The principal mountains are the Catskill, 
near the Hudson River. 

Rivers. The principal are the Hudson, Niagara, and 
St. Lawrence. The other rivers are the Mohawk, 
Black, Oswego, and Genesee. 

Lakes. The largest lakes are Erie, Ontario, and 
Champlain. The other lakes are George, Oneida, 
Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Owasco, Skeneateles, 
and Onondaga. 

Canals. The Erie Canal extends from the Hudson 
River, at Albany, to Buffalo on Lake Erie, 363 miles. 
Champlain Canal extends from the Hudson River to 
Lake Champlain, 64 miles. 












48 


UNITED STATES. 


Islands. The principal are Long and Staten, and 
Grand Island in Niagara River. 

Towns. New York is the largest and most commer¬ 
cial city in the United States, and is rapidly increasing. 
It stands on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of Hud¬ 
son River. 

Albany, on the Hudson, is the seat of government. 
The other large towns are Troy, Hudson, Utica, Roch¬ 
ester, Brooklyn, Auburn, Buffalo, Poughkeepsie, Sche¬ 
nectady, and Plattsburg. 

NEW JERSEY. 

New Jersey lies principally between Delaware River 
and Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. It has little com¬ 
merce, but extensive manufactories. 

Rivers. Delaware River forms the western boundary 
of the state, and separates it from Pennsylvania. The 
Hudson River forms a small part of its eastern boundary. 
The other large rivers are the Raritan and Passaic. 

Bays. The largest bays are the Delaware, Amboy, 
and Newark. 

Canals. Morris Canal extends from Easton, on the 
Delaware River, to Newark, 86 miles. 

Towns. Trenton is the capital of the state, and is 
situated on the Delaware River, 30 miles above Phila¬ 
delphia. The other principal towns are New Brunswick, 
Princeton, and Newark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania is a large and wealthy state, and has 
extensive manufactories. It is also distinguished for its 
various agricultural and mineral productions. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Delaware, which 
forms the eastern boundary, the Susquehannah, and the 
Ohio. The other rivers are the Schuylkill, Lehigh, 
Juniata, Western Susquehannah, Alleghany, and Mo- 
nongahela. 


UNITED STATES. 


49 


Mountains. The principal mountains of this state are 
the Alleghany range. The Blue Ridge, one of the most 
noted elevations of the Alleghany range, extends into this 
state. 

Towns. Harrisburg, on the Susquehannah, is the 
seat of government. Philadelphia is the second city in 
the Union, in size, and is noted for the regularity of its 
streets, and its elegant buildings. 

Pittsburg, at the head of the Ohio River, is a manu¬ 
facturing town. The other principal towns are Lancas¬ 
ter, Reading, Easton, and York. 

Canals and Rail Roads. The SchjiylJcill Canal , ex¬ 
tending from Philadelphia to Reading, is 100 miles long. 
The Union Canal, from Reading to Middletown, is 80 
miles in length. The Pennstjlvania Canal and Rail Road 
extends from Middletown to Pittsburg, 206 miles. 


DELAWARE. 

Delaware lies on the west side of Delaware River and 
Bay, and is one of the smallest states in the Union, and 
has the fewest inhabitants. 

Towns. Dover, near the centre of the state, is the 
seat of government. Wilmington, between Brandywine 
and Christiana Creeks, is the largest town in the state. 
Some of the other towns are Newcastle, Smyrna, and 
Lewistown. 

Canals. The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal crosses 
the northern part of the state, and is 13 miles long. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF THE EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES, 
CONTINUED. 

What lake, river, and province bound New York on the north? 
What lake, and three states bound it on the east? 

What two states bound it on the south ? 

What state, lake, and river bound it on the west? 

How is New York bounded ? 

In what part of the state, and at the mputh of what river, is New 
York City • 


E 


50 


UNITED STATES. 


On what river is Albany ? Where is Plattsburg ? 

Which way from Albany are Saratoga and Ballston ? 

On what river is Schenectady ? 

On what lake are Sackets Harbor, and Oswego ? 

Near the mouth of what river is Rochester ? 

Where is Lake George ? 

In what part of the state are Batavia and Lockport ? 
Which way from Utica to Auburn ? 

On what river is Ogdensburg ? 

Into what does the Genesee River flow ? 

Near what lake is Buffalo ? 

What canal connects the Hudson with Lake Champlain ? 
In what part of Long Island is Brooklyn ? 

What island southwest of Long Island ? 




. 1 .*. 


How is Pennsylvania bounded ? 

In what part of the state, and on what river is Philadelphia? 

On what river is Harrisburg ? 

Where does the Susquehannah rise, and into what does it flow? 

On what river are Sunbury and Wilkesbarre ? 

Into what do the Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers flow ? 

What two rivers meet at Pittsburg, and form the Ohio ? 

On what river is Easton ? 

In what part of Pennsylvania are Carlisle, York, Lancaster, Cham- 
bersburg, and Columbia ? 

In what part are Washington and Brownsville ? 

In what part are Meadville and Erie ? 


How is New Jersey bounded ? 

In what part of the state, and on what river is Trenton ? 

On what river are Burlington and Salem ? 

On what river are Newark and Patterson ? 

What is the southern cape of New Jersey ? 

What canal in the northern part of this state ? Where is Monmouth ? 
In what part of the state is Bridgetown ? 

How is Delaware bounded ? 

In what part of the state is Dover ? 

In what part is Wilmington ? 


On which side of the Potomac is Washington ? 
Which way from Washington to Alexandria? 


UNITED STATES. 


51 


SOUTHERN STATES. 

The Southern States are distinguished for their warm 
climate. The winters are mild and salubrious, but the 
summers are generally very hot and unhealthy. There 
are a great number of slaves in these states. 

Rivers. Besides the Mississippi, the Potomac, James, 
and Savannah are the most noted rivers. There are 
many other large rivers. 

The Potomac separates Maryland from Virginia, and 
empties into the Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable for 
the largest ships to Washington, about 300 miles from the 
Atlantic, and for small vessels about 200 miles further. 

The James River is navigable for sloops to Richmond, 
120 miles, and for boats about 225 miles further. 

The Savannah separates South Carolina from Georgia, 
and is navigable for ships to Savannah, 18 miles, and for 
boats to Augusta. 

MARYLAND. 

Maryland is favorably situated for commerce. Ches¬ 
apeake Bay extends through the centre of the state. 

Rivers. The Potomac forms the southwestern boun¬ 
dary of this state. The Susquehannah runs through a 
part of the state, and empties into Chesapeake Bay. 

Mountains. Several ranges of the Alleghany Moun¬ 
tains extend through the western part of the state; one 
of the most eastern is the Blue Ridge. 

Towns. The principal city is Baltimore. It is situat¬ 
ed on the Patapsco River, near the head of Chesapeake 
Bay. It is a place of extensive trade. It has many 
magnificent public buildings, and a marble monument, 
erected to the memory of Washington, 167 feet high. 

Annapolis is the seat of government. The other 
principal towns are Fredericktown, Hagerstown, and 
Cumberland. 


52 


UNITED STATES, 


Rail Roads and Canals. The Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
Road extends from Baltimore to the Ohio River, about 
350 miles. The Susquehannah Rail Road extends from 
Baltimore to the Susquehannah River, in Pennsylvania. 

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Wash¬ 
ington to the Ohio River. 

o 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL, WASHINGTON. 

This District lies between Maryland and Virginia, on 
each side of the Potomac. It is 10 miles square, and is 
under the government of the United States. 

Rivers. The Potomac runs through the centre of the 
District. 

Towns. WASHINGTON CITY is the seat of govern¬ 
ment of the United States, It is on the northeastern 
side of the Potomac. It has some splendid buildings, 
among which is the Capitol, the most magnificent edifice 
in the United States. It is 362 feet Jong, and 200 wide. 

























































UNITED STATES. 


53 


Alexandria lies on the southwestern side of the Poto¬ 
mac, and Georgetown, north of Washington, on the 
northeastern bank of the same river. 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia is the largest state in the Union. It is dis¬ 
tinguished for the eminent statesmen, who have exerted 
an important influence in the affairs of the nation. 

Rivers. The Potomac, James, and Ohio are the most 
important rivers in, or bordering on the state. The 
other rivers are the Rappahannock, York, Roanoke, 
and the Great and Little Kenhawa. 

Mountains. The Blue Ridge, one of the Alleghany 
range, runs through the centre of the state. 

Towns. Richmond is the capital of the state, and is 
situated on James River, at the head of sloop naviga¬ 
tion. 

Norfolk is the principal sea port, and is situated at 
the mouth of James River. Fredericksburg, Peters¬ 
burg, and Lynchburg are among the other principal 
towns. Mount Vernon , the residence of Gen. Wash¬ 
ington, is on the Potomac, nine miles below Alexandria. 
Monticello was the residence of Mr. Jefferson. 

Canals. There is a canal through the Dismal Swamp , 
from the Albemarle Sound, in North Carolina, to the 
mouth of the James River at Norfolk. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Carolina is a large state, and is mostly noted 
for its agriculture. Its commercial prosperity is much 
injured by the sand bars, at the mouths of the navigable 
rivers. 

Rivers. Cape Fear River is navigable for large ves¬ 
sels to Wilmington, and for steam boats to Fayette- 
E 2 


54 


UNITED STATES. 


ville. The other rivers are Chowan, Roanoke, Pam¬ 
lico, and Neuse. 

Towns. Raleigh, in the central part of the state, 
on the Neuse River, is the seat of government. New- 
bern, on the Neuse, is the largest town in the state. 
Wilmington and Fayetteville on Cape Fear River, and 
Edenton on Albemarle Sound, are the other large 
towns. 


SOUTH CAROLINA 

South Carolina is distinguished for its extensive plan¬ 
tations of cotton and rice, and for the number of slaves, 
who perform most of the labor for the planters. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Santee, and the 
Pedee. Some of the other rivers are Wateree, Camba- 
hee, and Edisto. The Santee is navigable for steam 
boats to Columbia. The Pedee is navigable for boats 
200 miles; and the Wateree is navigable to Camden. 
The western branch of the Santee is the Congaree. 

Mountains. The Alleghany Mountains extend through 
the northwestern part of South Carolina. The highest 
elevation, in this state, is Table Mountain about 4,000 
feet high. 

Towns. Columbia, near the centre of the state, on 
the Congaree, is the seat of government. Charleston is 
the great commercial city of this state. It is situated 
at the junction of Cooper and Ashley Rivers, 7 miles from 
the ocean. Some of the other most important towns are 
Georgetown, Beaufort, on an island, Camden, on the 
Wateree, and Cheraw, on the Pedee. 

Canals. The Santee Canal, 22 miles in length, unites 
the Santee with Cooper river, which flows into Charles¬ 
ton Harbor. 


GEORGIA. 

Georgia is one of the largest states in the Union. 
The northern part is very mountainous. The north- 


UNITED STATES. 55 

Vvestern part is inhabited by the Cherokee Indians, and 
the western part by the Creeks. 

Rivers. The Savannah, Ogechee, Altamaha, St. 
Mary’s, Oconee, Oakmulgee, Chatahoochee, and Flint, 
are the principal. 

Swamps. The Okeefanokee Swamp, on the border of 
Florida, is 180 miles in circumference. 

Towns. Savannah, on the Savannah River, is the 
largest and most commercial town in the state. Augus¬ 
ta, on the Savannah, 137 miles from the sea, is the sec¬ 
ond town in size. Milledgeville, near the centre of 
the state, on the Oconee, is the seat of government. 
The other principal towns are Darien, St. Mary’s, 
Macon, Brunswick, Sparta, and Athens. 

ALABAMA. 

Alabama is distinguished for its rapid growth in popu¬ 
lation. Large portions of this state are inhabited by the 
Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw tribes. The northern 
part is mountainous. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Chatahoochee, 
Mobile, Alabama, Black Warrior, and Tennessee. 

Towns. Tuscaloosa, on the Black Warrior River, 
near the centre of the state, is the seat of government. 
Mobile, at the mouth of Mobile River, and Blakely, at 
the head of Mobile Bay, are towns of considerable trade. 
The other principal towns are Cahawba, St. Stephens, 
and Huntsville. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

This state took its name from the great river which 
forms its western boundary. It is noted for the cultiva¬ 
tion of cotton. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Pas¬ 
cagoula, Pearl, Black, and Yazoo. 


5(5 


tTNITED STATES. 


Towns. Jackson, on the Pearl River, near the centre 
of the state, is the seat of government. Natchez is the 
largest town. The other principal towns are Monticello, 
Port Gibson, Columbia, and Shieldsborough. 

LOUISIANA. 

V 

« Louisiana is intersected by the Mississippi river in the 
jj southeast, and noted for its extensive prairies. Around 
| the mouth of the Mississippi, for 30 or 40 miles, the land 
is covered with a species of cane reed. Great part of 
the land, in this state, is lower than the Mississippi, which 
is kept from overflowing by extensive embankments. 

Rivers. The principal river is the Mississippi. The 
other large rivers are the Red, Washita, and Sabine. 

Lakes. Ponchartrain, and Maurepas are the two most 
noted lakes. 

Towns. New Orleans is the seat of government, 
and the chief city. It is on the east side of the Missis¬ 
sippi, 90 miles from its mouth. It has an extensive inter¬ 
course with the western country by steam boats, on the 
Mississippi, Ohio, and other rivers. Nachitoches and 
Alexandria, on the Red River, and Baton Rouge on the 
Mississippi, are some of the principal towns. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, CONTINUED. 

How is Maryland bounded ? 

In what part of the state is Baltimore ? 

Which way from Baltimore to Annapolis ? 

What river separates Maryland from Virginia ? 

Where is Hagerstown ? 

How is Virginia bounded P 

On what river and in what part of the state is Richmond ? 

What two capes east of Virginia? 

In what part of the state is Norfolk ? 

On what river is Fredericksburg ? 

Which way from Richmond to Petersburg ? 


UNITED STATES. 


57 


Through what part of the state do the Alleghany Mountains 
extend? 

How is North Carolina bounded ? 

What two sounds lie east of North Carolina? 

How is Raleigh situated? 

Into what do the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers run? 

On what river are Fayetteville and Wilmington? 

How is Edenton situated? 

What three capes east of this state? 

How is South Carolina bounded ? 

On what river is Columbia ? 

How is Charleston situated ? 

In what part of the state is Beaufort ? 

Where is Camden? Georgetown? Greenville? 

How is Georgia bounded ? 

On what river is Milledgeville ? 

How is Savannah situated ? 

On what river is Augusta ? 

Near the mouth of what river is Darien ? 

In what part of the state is St. Mary’s ? * .. , v 

What Indians in the northwest part of this state ? 

How is Alabama bounded ? 

What river runs through the north part of this state ? 

On what river is Tuscaloosa ? 

Where is Cahawba? 

In what part of the state are Mobile and Blakely ? 

How is Mississippi bounded ? 

On what river is Jackson? 

In what part of the state is Natchez ? 

What Indians in the north part of this state ? 

What two rivers, in this state, flow into the Mississippi ? 

How is Louisiana bounded ? 

How is New Orleans situated ? 

On what river are Alexandria and Nachitoches ? 

In what part of the state is Baton Rouge ? 


58 


UNITED STATES. 


WESTERN STATES. 

The Western States lie west of the Alleghany Moun¬ 
tains. This portion of the Union has been distinguished 
for its rapid growth in population and wealth. Prairies, 
the characteristic feature of this part of the Union, 
are extensive tracts of level land destitute of trees, and 
covered with rank grass. 

Rivers. The Mississippi is the great river of the 
Western States. It is about half a mile wide, and very 
deep. Its great tributary streams are the Missouri, Ar¬ 
kansas, and Red Rivers, on the west, and the Ohio, and 
Illinois, on the east. 


TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee is an extensive state, and is intersected by 
the Cumberland Mountains, which divide it into East and 
West Tennessee. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are Tennessee, Cumber¬ 
land, and Clinch. The Tennessee is navigable 500 miles. 

Towns. Nashville, on the Cumberland River, is the 
seat of government, and is the largest town in the state. 
Some of the other towns are Knoxville, Greenville, Mur¬ 
freesboro, and Memphis. 


KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky has the Ohio River on the north, and the 
Mississippi on the west. The Cumberland Mountains 
extend into the eastern part. 

Rivers. Besides the Mississippi and Ohio, the rivers 
are Big Sandy, Tennessee, Cumberland, Green, Ken¬ 
tucky, and Licking. 

Towns. Frankfort situated on the Kentucky River, 
is the seat of government. Lexington is the largest 


UNITED STATES. 


59 


town in the state. The other principal towns are Lou¬ 
isville, Russelville, Bairdstown, and Danville. 

Canals. There is a canal, at Louisville, for passing 
round the falls of the Ohio. 

OHIO. 

Ohio is distinguished for fertility of soil, and rapid 
growth in population and wealth. 

Rivers. The Ohio River is navigable from its source 
at Pittsburg, to the Mississippi, a distance of 950 miles. 
At Louisville, there is a fall 22 feet in 2 miles, which 
much obstructs the navigation. The other principal riv¬ 
ers are Miami, Scioto, and Muskingum, which flow into 
the Ohio, and the Maumee, and Sandusky, which run 
into Lake Erie. 

Towns. Cincinnati, on the Ohio, is the largest town 
in the state. Columbus, on the Scioto, near the centre 
of the state, is the seat of government. Chilicothe, 
Marietta, Zanesville, Steubenville, Cleveland, and San¬ 
dusky are the other principal towns. 

Canals. Two canals extending from the Ohio to Lake 
Erie have been undertaken. The Ohio Canal begins 
at Cleveland, on the lake, passes Zanesville, Columbus, 
and Chilicothe, and terminates on the Ohio, at the mouth 
of the Scioto. It is 306 miles long. The Miami Canal 
begins at Cincinnati, proceeds northerly through Day- 
ton, and terminates at the mouth of Maumee River. 
Its length is 266 miles. 

INDIANA. 

Indiana abounds in extensive and fertile prairies. 
The vine has been successfully cultivated, by some 
Swiss settlers, at Yevay. 

Rivers. The Ohio River bounds this state on the 
south. The Wabash is the great river of Indiana and is 


60 


UNITED STATES. 


navigable 470 miles. The White River, the eastern 
branch of the Wabash, is navigable to Indianopolis for 
steam boats. 

Towns. Indianopolis, situated on White River, near 
the centre of the state, is the seat of government. 
Vincennes, on the Wabash, and Madison on the Ohio, 
are two of the largest towns in the state. Harmony, on 
the Wabash, is noted for having been the residence of a 
religious sect called Harmonists. 

ILLINOIS. 

Illinois has the most level surface of any state in the 
Union. Two thirds of it consist in prairies. 

Rivers. This state is noted for its navigable rivers. 
The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash form about two 
thirds of its boundaries. The large rivers within this 
state are Illinois, Kaskaskia and Rock River. The 
Illinois is navigable from the Mississippi almost to Lake 
Michigan. 

Towns. Vandalia, on the Kaskaskia, is the seat of 
government. Cahokia, Shawneetown, and Edwardsville, 
are the other principal towns. 

MISSOURI. 

Missouri takes its name from the great river which 
intersects it. It has a very diversified surface, with 
some extensive prairies. 

Rivers. The rivers, besides the Mississippi and Mis¬ 
souri, are Osage, Grand, Salt, and Des Moines. 

Mountains. The Ozark Mountains are in the south 
part of this state, and are among the highest mountains 
in the United states. 

Towns. Jefferson, near the centre of the state, on 
the Missouri, is the seat of government. St. Louis, on 
the Mississippi, is the largest town in the state. St. 
Genevieve, St. Charles, Herculaneum, Potosi, and 
Franklin, are some of the principal towns. 



UNITED STATES. 


61 


FLORIDA. 

Florida Territory forms the southern extremity of the 
United States. It was formerly a province of Spain. 
The Seminole Indians inhabit the northern part of this 
territory. 

Rivers. The St. Marys and St. Johns flow into the 
Atlantic. The Apalachicola and Suwanee flow into the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Towns. Tallahasse, situated about 26 miles north 
of Apalachee Bay,is the seat of government. St. Augus¬ 
tine, situated on the eastern coast, is the largest town in 
Florida. Pensacola, situated in the northwestern part, 
has one of the best harbors in the Gulf of Mexico, and 
has been selected, by the government of the United 
States, for a naval station. 

MICHIGAN. 

This territory lies between Lake Michigan, on the 
west, and Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie on the east. 

Towns. Detroit, situated on Detroit River, between 
Lakes St. Clair and Erie, is the chief town, and is noted 
for its fur trade. 

NORTH WEST, or HURON TERRITORY. 

The extensive country, mostly surrounded by the great 
lakes, and the upper part of the Mississippi River, is 
generally known by the name of the North West Terri¬ 
tory. 

Rivers. Some of the principal rivers are Wisconsin, 
Fox, Chippeway, and St. Croix. 

The principal settlements are at Prairie du Chien and 
Green Bay. 


ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 

This large country, extending from the Mississippi to 
Mexico, has been but little explored, and is mostly un¬ 
inhabited. It is divided into three parts; 1st, the east¬ 
ern, towards the Mississippi, which is generally level; 
2d, the hilly country, which is traversed by the Ozark 


62 


UNITED STATES. 


Mountains; and 3d, the western division, composed of 
immense prairies. 

Rivers. The three largest rivers are the Mississippi, 
Arkansas, and Red River. The other rivers are, White, 
St. Francis, and Washita. 

The Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
is upwards of 2,000 miles in length, and is navigable 
nearly to the mountains. 

MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

This vast country, lying between the Mississippi and 
the Rocky Mountains, is inhabited by Indians. The 
country, extending from 200 to 400 miles to the west of 
the Mississippi, is mostly covered with forests. To the 
west of this is a vast region of plains reaching to the 
Rocky Mountains. 

Rivers. The largest rivers are the Missouri, Kansas, 
La Platte, and Yellowstone. 

OREGON TERRITORY. 

This territory extends from the Rocky Mountains, on 
the east, to the Pacific Ocean,on the west; and from the 
Russian Possessions, on the north, to Mexico, on the 
south. The climate is mild. 

Astoria is an American settlement, on the Columbia 
River, 18 miles from its mouth. It is settled principally 
by fur traders. The number of Indians, in this territory, 
is about 80,000. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, CONTINUED. 

How is Tennessee bounded ? 

In what part, and on what river is Nashville ? 

What mountains extend through this state ? k 

Through what part of the state does Tennessee River run ? 

Where is Knoxville? Murfreesboro? Winchester? Memphis? 

How is Kentucky bounded ? 

How is Frankfort situated ? Where is Maysville ? 

Which way from Frankfort is Lexington? 


UNITED STATES. 


63 


What two rivers in the western part of the state flow into the 
Ohio? 

Where is Columbia ? Danville ? Louisville ? 

How is Ohio bounded ? 

In what part of the state, and on what river is Columbus? 

In what part of the state are Cleveland and Sundusky ? 

On what river is Chilicothe ? 

In what part of the state is Cincinnati ? 

Into what do the Miami, Scioto, and Muskingum Rivers run ? 

How is Indiana bounded ? 

In what part of the state is Indianopolis ? 

Where is Harmony ? Vevay? Vincennes? 

Into what does the White River flow ? 

How is Illinois bounded ? How is Vandalia situated ? 

Into what does the Illinois flow? 

On what river are Edwardsville, Kaskaskia, and Cahokia? 

On what river are York and Albion? Where is Shawneetown? 

How is Missouri bounded? How is Jefferson situated ? 

What river runs through the centre of this state? 

Where are the Ozark Mountains ? Where is St. Louis ? 

On what river are Herculaneum, St. Genevieve, and New Madrid ? 

How is Florida bounded ? 

Where is Tallahasse ? St. Augustine ? St. Marks ? 

What part of Florida do the Seminole Indians inhabit ? 

How is Michigan bounded ? 

How is Detroit situated? Where is Frenchtown? 

What part of this territory do the Ottaway Indians inhabit ? 

How is the Northwest Territory bounded? 

How is Arkansas Territory bounded ? 

What river runs through this territory ? 

Into what do St. Francis and White Rivers flow ? 

On what river is Little Rock ? 

How is Missouri Territory bounded ? 

What river runs through it? 

How is the Oregon Territory bounded ? 


64 


SOtJTH AMERICA. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


South America is thinly inhabited, and most of it un¬ 
cultivated. It is noted for the salubrity of its climate, 
the fertility of its soil, and its natural productions. 

Mountains. The most striking natural features of 
South America, consist in its mountains and rivers. 
Many parts are subject to earthquakes. The Andes 
are an immense chain of mountains running throughout 
South America. They lie at a distance from 50 to 150 
miles from the western coast. 

Rivers. The three great rivers are the Amazon, La 
Plata, and Orinoco. 

The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It is 
upwards of 4,000 miles long, and 180 miles wide at its 
mouth, and the tide flows up more than 500 miles. It is 
navigable, nearly its whole course, for vessels of 400 
tons. 

The La Plata, together with the Parana, its principal 
branch, is about 3,000 miles long, and is 30 miles wide 
at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles above its mouth; and it is 
navigable through the greater part of its course. 

The Orinoco is 1,800 miles long, and navigable 700 
miles. A communication is formed between this river 
and the Amazon, by the Negro River. 

Islands. Some of the principal islands are Terra del 
Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and the Island of Chiloe. 

Climate. In the south it is cold; but, in the north, it 
is hot, and in many places unhealthy. 

South America comprises the following countries, viz. 
Colombia and Guiana, in the north; Brazil, in the east; 
the United Provinces, in the southeast; Patagonia, in 
the south; and Chili, Bolivia, and Peru, in the west. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


65 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

How is South America bounded ? 

Through what part do the Andes extend? 

Which way does the Amazon flow? 

What is the latitude of the mouth of the Amazon ? 

Which way does the Rio de la Plata flow? 

What is the north cape of South America ? What is the east cape ? 
South? West? 

Where is the Island of Terra del Fuego? 

What strait separates it from Patagonia ? 

Where are the Falkland Islands? 

Where is the Island of Chiloe ? 

In what part of South America is Colombia? 

Which way from Colombia is Guiana ? 

In what part is Brazil ? 

What four countries bound Brazil on the west? 

What countries extend to the western coast of South America? 
Which way from Santiago to the Island of Juan Fernandes? 

Which way from the mouth of the Orinoco River is the Island of 
Trinidad ? 

What is the latitude of Trinidad ? 

In what part is Patagonia ? 


66 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


COLOMBIA. 

Colombia is an extensive country, and comprises all 
the northwest part of South America. 

Mountains. The Andes run through the western part 
of Colombia. The most elevated summits are Chimbo¬ 
razo and Cotopaxi. 

Chimborazo is more than 4 miles high, and its summit 
always covered with snow. Humboldt ascended this 
mountain 19,300 feet. 

Cotopaxi is the most noted volcano of the Andes. Its 
flames have been known to rise nearly 3,000 feet. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Orinoco, the 
Amazon, and the Magdalena. The Magdalena is navi¬ 
gable to Hondo, 700 miles. 

Lakes. The principal lake is Maracaybo. 

Towns. Santa Fe de Bogota, the seat of government, 
is about 9,000 feet above the sea. 

Quito, the largest city of Colombia, is famous for its 
great elevation: it is 9,500 feet above the sea. Though 
situated near the equator, yet, on account of its great 
elevation, its climate is mild through the year. 

Caraccas is situated 7 miles from the coast in the 
northern part. Popayan is a large town in the west¬ 
ern part. 

The principal seaports are Cathagena, Porto Bello, 
St Martha, Maracaybo, Porto Cavello, and Cumana, on 
the Caribbean Sea; Panama, on the Bay of Panama; 
and Guayaquil, on the Pacific Ocean. 

GUIANA. 

Guiana, in the northeast of South America, belongs to 
the English, Dutch, and French. 

English Guiana contains three small colonies, viz. 
Essequibo, Demarara and Berbice. The principal town 
is Stabroek. 

Dutch Guiana is also called Surinam, from its princi¬ 
pal river. 

Paramaribo is the capital 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


67 


French Guiana is also called Cayenne, and is noted 
for the production of Cayenne pepper. 

Cayenne, the chief town, is situated on an island. 

PERU. 

Peru is famous for its rich mines. Two ridges of the 
Andes extend through it from north to south. 

The country, lying between the western ridge and 
the Pacific Ocean, is called Low Peru, and the country 
to the east, is called High Peru. 

Towns. Lima, the capital of Peru, is pleasantly sit¬ 
uated 7 miles from Callao its port, and has been a city 
of great trade, opulence, and splendor. 

Cuzco, once the capital of the Peruvian empire, Are- 
quipa and Guamanga are large towns; and Guanca 
Velica more than 12,000 feet high, is noted for mines 
of quicksilver. 

Some of the principal seaports are Truxillo, Callao and 
Arica. 


BOLIVIA. 

This country, once a part of Peru and afterwards a 
part of Buenos Ayres, is an independent republic, and 
called Bolivia in honor of General Bolivar. It is a 
mountainous country, and has rich silver mines. 

Towns. Some of the principal towns are La Plata, 
the capital, Potosi famous for its silver mines, and La 
Paz, which has an extensive trade in Paragua tea 

BRAZIL. 

Brazil is a vast country, comprising the eastern and 
central part of South America; the greater part is inhab¬ 
ited by Indians, and is little known. 

Rivers. Some of the principal rivers are the Amazon, 
Madeira, Negro, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocantins, St. Fran¬ 
cisco, and Parana. 


68 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


Towns. Rio Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, has an ex¬ 
cellent harbor, and an extensive commerce. 

St. Salvador and Pernambuco are large seaport towns. 

Cuiaba, Villa Rica, and Villa Boa situated in the 
interior, are noted for gold mines. Tejuco is celebrat¬ 
ed for its diamond mines. Some of the other principal 
towns are San Paulo, Olinda, and Scara. 

UNITED PROVINCES. 



CHASE OF THE WILD OX, SOUTH AMERICA. 

This country was formerly known by the name of 
Buenos Ayres. It comprehends most of the great 
valley of the Rivar La Plata. 

In the southern part are immense plains called pam¬ 
pas, similar to the prairies in the western part of the 
United States. They are more than 1,000 miles long, 
and 500 broad, and abound in wild cattle, horses, and 
mules. 

Rivers. The rivers are the La Plata, Parana, Para¬ 
guay, Uraguay, and Pilcomayo. 

















SOUTH AMERICA. 


69 


Towns. Buenos Ayres, the capital, is situated on the 
La Plata, 200 miles from the ocean. Monte Video is 
the second town in commercial importance, and has the 
best harbour on the La Plata. Assumption is situated 
on the Paraguay, more than 1,000 miles from Buenos 
Ayres. 


CHILI. 

Chili is a long and narrow country, lying between the 
Andes and the Pacific Ocean. 

The Araucanians, a celebrated tribe of independent 
Indians, possess a large tract of country in the southern 
part of Chili. 

Islands. The largest island is Chiloe. Juan Fer¬ 
nandes, a desert island off the coast of Chili, is famous 
for the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. 
This circumstance gave rise to the romance of Robinson 
Crusoe. 

Towns. Santiago or St. Jago, the capital, is situated 
on a beautiful plain, about 90 miles from Valparaiso. 

Valparaiso is the most frequented port in Chili. Some 
of the other principal towns are Conception, Valdivia, 
and Coquimbo. 


PATAGONIA. 

Patagonia is an extensive country, comprising the 
southern part of South America, and is cold and barren. 
The western part is composed chiefly of mountains, and 
the eastern of sandy plains. It is inhabited by Indians. 

Terra del Fuego is a large mountainous island, sep¬ 
arated from Patagonia by the Strait of Magellan. Its 
mountains are always covered with snow. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, CONTINUED. 

How is Colombia bounded ? 

What two noted mountains in the southwest part of Colombia ? 
Where is Santa Fe de Bogota? 


70 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


What large city near the equator ? 

Where is Guayaquil ? On what bay is Panama ? 

On what sea are Carthagena, St. Martha, and Maracaybo 
Into what does the Magdalena River flow? 

What lake in the northern part of Colombia ? 

How is Guiana bounded ? 

In what part is Cayenne ? Where is Stabroek ? 

How is Peru bounded ? 

In what part is Lima ? 

Which way from Lima to Truxillo ? 

Which way from Arequipa to Cuzco ? 

In what part is Lake Titicaca ? 

How is Bolivia bounded ? 

In what part is La Plata? 

Which way from Potosi to La Paz ? 

How is Brazil bounded ? 

In what part is St. Salvador? Where is Rio Janeiro ? 
Which way from St. Salvador to Pernambuco ? 

In what part is Cuiaba ? 

Which way from Villa Rica to Villa Boa ? 

What river runs through the northern part of Brazil ? 

How are the United Provinces bounded? 

On what river is Buenos Ayres ? 

Where is Monte Video ? 

On what river is Assumption ? In what part is Cordova 

How is Chili bounded ? 

In what part is Santiago ? 

Which way from Conception to Valparaiso ? 


71 

EUROPE. 


Europe contains the following countries, viz. Lapland, 
Norway, Sweden, and Russia, in the north; Great Brit¬ 
ain, France, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Prus¬ 
sia, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, in the middle; 
Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Turkey in the south. 

Mountains. The six principal ranges of mountains 
are the Alps, Pyrenees, Appenines, Carpathian, Dofra- 
field, and Ural. The Alps, which separate France and 
Switzerland from Italy, are the most elevated mountains 
in Europe. The two highest summits are Mount Rosa , 
and Mount Blanc. The Pyrenees divide France from 
Spain. The Appenines extend through Italy. The 
Carpathian Mountains lie in the northeast of Austria. 
The Dofrafield Mountains are between Norway and 
Sweden; and the Ural Mountains are in Russia, between 
Europe and Asia. 

The three most noted valcanoes in Europe, are Etna 
in Sicily; Vesuvius near Naples, and Hecla in Iceland. 

Islands. The most important islands are Great Britain , 
Ireland, and Iceland, in the Atlantic; Sicily, Sardinia, 
Corsica, and Candia, in the Mediterranean. 

Seas. The principal seas are the Mediterranean, 
Archipelago, Marmora, Black, Azof, North, Irish, Bal¬ 
tic, and White. 

The Mediterranean, which is 2,000 miles long, is the 
largest sea in the world. The eastern part is called the 
Levant. 

Gulfs and Bays. The three largest gulfs are Venice, 
Finland, and Bothnia, and the only large bay is Biscay. 

Lakes. The most noted are Ladoga and Onega, in 
Russia; Wenner and Wetter, in Sweden; Geneva and 
Constance, in Switzerland. 

Rivers. The most important are the Volga, Danube 
and Rhine. 

The Volga, the largest river in Europe, is more than 
2 000 miles in length. It has its whole course in Russia, 


72 


EUROPE. 


and flows into the Caspian Sea by several mouths. It 
is navigable to Tver, where it is met by a canal which 
completes a communication between the Caspian and 
Baltic Seas. 

The Danube rises near Lake Constance, and flows 
into the Black Sea. 

The Rhine rises in the Alps, and flows into the North 
Sea, and is navigable to the northern part of Switzerland. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. 

How is Europe bounded ? 

Where is the North Sea? Irish Sea? 

What channel between England and France ? 

Which most northerly Scotland or England ? 

Which way from England is Ireland ? 

In what part of Europe are Norway and Sweden ? 

What sea and gulf are between Russia and Sweden ? 

Where are the Skager Rack and Cattegat 5 
Which way from England to France ? 

What country northeast of France ? 

Where are the Pyrenees Mountains ? 

What bay north of Spain ? 

In what part of Europe are Spain and Portugal ? 

What sea north of Prussia ? 

What two countries west of Austria ? 

What large river flows through Austria and Turkey ? 

What sea lies east of Turkey ? 

Into what sea does the Volga flow? 

Where are the Ural Mountains? Carpathian? Appenines? 

What gulf east of Italy ? 

Where is the Sea of Marmora ? Azof? 

What peninsula in the northern part of the Black Sea? 

Which way from London to Rome? 

-From Madrid to Moscow ? 

-From Paris to Constantinople ? 

-From Lisbon to Edinburgh? 

What island south of Sicily ? 

Which way from Italy are Corsica and Sardinia ? 

Which way from England is Iceland ? 

Where is the Strait of Gibralter ? 


EUROPE. 


73 


LAPLAND. 

Lapland, the most northern country in Europe, is di¬ 
vided into North Lapland , belonging to Norway, South 
Lapland, belonging to Sweden, and East Lapland, be¬ 
longing to Russia. 

NORWAY. 

Norway, a country extending to the North Cape, de¬ 
rives its name, which signifies Northern Way, from its 
situation. 

Mountains. The principal are the Dofrafield Moun¬ 
tains, which lie between Norway and Sweden. They 
are always covered with snow. 

Rivers. The largest river is the Glomma. 

Towns. Bergen, the capital, and Christiana, and 
Drontheim are the principal towns. Kongsburg is noted 
for its silver mines. 


SWEDEN. 

Sweden is bounded on the north and west by high 
mountains, but is generally a level country. 

Lakes. The largest lakes are Wenner and Wetter. 

Rivers. The Lidea, which flows into the Gulf of 
Bothnia, has a cataract 400 feet in height. 

Towns. Stockholm, the capital, situated in the east¬ 
ern part, is a large commercial city, and has one of the 
finest palaces in Europe. 

Gottenburgh, on the Cattegat, is the second town in 
population and commerce. 

Carlscrona is noted as the chief station of the Swedish 
navy; Upsal, for its university; Fahlun, for its copper 
mines. 


RUSSIA. 

Russia includes most of the north of Europe, and all 
the north of Asia, and is the most extensive empire on 
the globe; but is thinly inhabited. 


74 


EUROPE. 


The Asiatic part is the most extensive. European 
Russia comprises almost half of the territory of Europe, 
but less than a quarter of the population. It is generally 
a level country, and mostly covered with forests. 

Mountains. The principal mountains are the Ural, 
forming the boundary between Europe and Asia, and are 
about 1,400 miles long. 

Rivers. The principal are the Volga, Don, Dnieper, 
Dniester, Onega, and Dwina. 

Lakes. The largest lakes are Ladoga, and Onega. 
Ladoga is 140 miles long, and 75 broad, and is the 
largest lake in Europe. 

Towns. St. Petersburgh, the metropolis of Russia, 
was founded by Peter the Great, and is situated at the 
east end of the Gulf of Finland. It has an extensive 
commerce, and is one of the most magnificent cities of 
Europe. 

Moscow, the ancient capital, is situated in the central 
part of European Russia. It is famous for its conflagra¬ 
tion at the time of the invasion of the country by Bona¬ 
parte. 

The principal sea ports, besides St. Petersburgh, are 
Riga, Odessa and Archangel. Constadt, on an island in 
the Gulf of Finland, is the chief station of the Russian 
navy. 

The other most noted towns are Tula, Novogorod, 
Kiev, Wilna, Smolensk, Ismael, Bender, and Cherson. 

POLAND. 

Poland is a level country and was formerly one of the 
largest kingdoms in Europe. 

In 1795, it was divided between Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia; and 1815, the central part, comprising less than 
a fifth of ancient Poland, was formed into a kingdom, 
dependent on Russia, and is still governed by a viceroy 
appointed by the Emperor. 

Rivers. The only considerable river, in the present 
kingdom of Poland, is the Vistula, which is navigable as 
far as Cracow. 


EUROPE. 


75 


Towns. Warsaw, the capital, is on the Vistula, and 
has an extensive trade. 

Cracow, on the southwest border of the country, was 
anciently the capital of Poland, and is now a free city; 
this city, together with a small adjoining territory, is 
called the Republic of Cracow. 

DENMARK. 

Denmark is a small kingdom comprising the penin¬ 
sula, between the Baltic and North Sea, the German 
Dutchies of Holstein , Lauenburg, and several islands in 
the Baltic. The largest of these Islands are Zealand 
and Funen. 

The Canal of Keil , 22 miles in length, extends from 
the Baltic to Eider, and forms a communication between 
the Baltic and the North Sea. 

Towns. Copenhagen, the capital, situated on the 
east coast of the Island of Zealand, has a good harbor 
and an extensive commerce. 

Elsinore, in the north of Zealand, is a place where 
vessels pay toll for the light house on the coast. 

ICELAND. 

Iceland, a large island north of Europe, belongs tc 
Denmark, and received its name from the ice with which 
it abounds. It is celebrated for its natural wonders. 
Mount Hecla, a noted volcano, is on this island. 

The Faroe Islands, west of Norway, belong to Den¬ 
mark. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

The Kingdom of Great Britain, comprising England, 
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and many small islands, is 
situated to the west of Europe. 

Great Britain also possesses the fortress of Gibralter, 
and the Islands of Malta and Heligoland, in Europe; 
and has very extensive possessions in America, Africa, 
and Asia. 

The Island of Great Britain is divided into England, 
Wales and Scotland. 


7 G 


EUROPE. 


ENGLAND. 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON. 


England lies south of Scotland, and is the most com¬ 
mercial country in the world. 

Rivers. The most, important river is the Thrrmes, 
which is navigable to London for ships of 700 or 800 tons. 

Towns. London, the metropolis of Great Britain , is 
situated on the Thames, GO miles from its mouth, and is 
the most populous city in Europe, and the richest and 
most commercial one on the globe. 

Liverpool, a large sea port, situated on the Mersey, is 
concerned in the American trade. Bristol is a large 
commercial place. Portsmouth and Plymouth are dis¬ 
tinguished naval stations. 

Some of the principal manufacturing towns are Man¬ 
chester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Kidderminster. 

Oxford and Cambridge are famous for their Universi¬ 
ties; Greenwich, near London, for its observatory. 

Canals and Rail Roads. England is distinguished for 
its numerous canals, They extend ip almost every di- 











EUROPE. 


77 


rection and greatly facilitate trade, between the exten¬ 
sive manufacturing establishments, in the interior of the 
country. 

Rail roads have been recently constructed, but are 
less extensive than the canals of England. 

WALES. 

Wales is a mountainous country. Snowdon , in the 
western part of Wales, is the highest summit in Great 
Britain , south of Scotland. 

SCOTLAND. 

Scotland consists of two parts, the Highlands and the 
Lowlands. 

The Highlands comprise the northern part, and con¬ 
sist mostly of barren and dreary mountains. 

The Lowlands comprise the country, lying south and 
east of the Grampian Mountains. 

Mountains. The Grampian Mountains are the most 
considerable range in Scotland. Ben Nevis is the highest 
summit in Great Britain. 

Lakes. The country abounds in lakes, called lochs. 
Loch Lomond , the largest, is 30 miles long. 

Canals. The two principal canals are the Caledonian 
Canal , and the Forth and Clyde Canal. Both of these 
canals intersect the country. 

Islands. The islands belonging to Scotland are the 
Hebrides, or Western Islands, the Orkneys, and the 
Shetland Islands. 

Towns. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is situ¬ 
ated near the Frith of Forth, and is noted for the beauty 
and grandeur of its situation, and the elegance and 
splendor of its buildings; and is one of the most cele¬ 
brated seats of learning in Europe. 

Glasgow, on the Clyde, is the largest city in Scotland, 
and has extensive commerce and manufactures. 

Some of the other noted towns are Aberdeen, on the 
eastern coast; and Inverness, the metropolis of the 
Highlands. 

G 2 


78 


EUROPE. 


IRELAND. 

Ireland is a fertile and populous island 

Rivers. The largest river is the Shannon. 

Towns. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, situated near 
the head of a beautiful bay, contains many magnificent 
edifices. 

Cork, the second city in population, has an excellent 
harbor, and is the most commercial city in Ireland. 

Limerick, Belfast, Waterford, and Londonderry, are 
the other largest towns. 

HOLLAND. 

This country and Belgium were till recently united in 
one kingdom, under the name of Netherlands . It now 
embraces what was formerly called Holland; Luxemburg , 
a small state in Germany, belongs to Holland and Bel¬ 
gium. 

Holland resembles a large marsh, that has been drained 

Rivers. The largest is the Rhine. 

Canals. Canals are numerous, and serve the same 
purpose as roads in other countries. 

Towns. Amsterdam, the capital of Holland, is situ¬ 
ated on the Zuyder Zee, and is built on piles. It is one 
of the most commercial cities in Europe. Rotterdam, 
on the Meuse, is distinguished for commerce; the Hague 
for its elegance, and for being the royal residence. 

BELGIUM. 

Belgium, which has long been subject to the king of 
Netherlands, is now an independent state. 

Towns. Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is one of 
the most elegant cities in Europe, and is famous for 
carpets. 

Antwerp, on the Scheldt, is noted for commerce; 
Ghent for a treaty of peace between the United States 
and England. 


EUROPE. 


79 


QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF EUROPE, CONTINUED. 

In what part of Europe is Lapland ? 

How is Norway bounded ? 

In what part is Bergen? Where is Drontheim? 

Where is the Skager Rack ? 

What mountains between Norway and Sweden ? 

How is Sweden bounded ? Where is Stockholm ? 

Where is the Cattegat ? 

Where is Gottenburg? Upsal? 

What three large islands in the Baltic, east of Sweden ? 

How is Russia in Europe bounded ? 

Where are the Ural Mountains? 

In what part of Russia, and on what gulf, is St. Petersburg ? 

Into what do the Ural and Volga Rivers flow ? 

Into what do the Dnieper and Dniester flow ? 

Where is the White Sea ? 

What two lakes north of St. Petersburg ? 

Where is Moscow ? On what gulf is Riga ? 

What two rivers flow into the White Sea? 

How is Poland bounded ? On what river is Warsaw ? 
Through what part of Poland does the Vistula run ? 

Which way from Warsaw is Cracow? 

How is Denmark bounded ? 

On what island is Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark ? 

Which way from Denmark is Iceland ? 

Where are the Faroe Islands? 

How is England bounded ? Where is Wales ? 

On what river is London ? Into what does the Thames flow ? 

In what part of England is Liverpool ? 

In what part of England are Plymouth and Portsmouth ? 

Where is Birmingham ? Oxford ? 

What channel between Wales and Ireland ? 

How is Scotland bounded ? 

In what part is Edinburgh ? Glasgow ? 

Which way from Edinburgh is Aberdeen ? 

Which was from Scotland are the Orkney and Shetland Islands ? 
Where are the Hebrides Islands ? 


80 


EUROPE. 


How is Ireland bounded ? In what part is Dublin? 

Where is Cork ? Londonderry ? Limerick ? 

Where is Cape Clear? What sea east of Ireland? 

How is Holland bounded? 

Through what part does the Rhine flow ? 

In what part is Amsterdam ? 

How is Belgium bounded ? 

Where is Brussels ? Ghent ? Hague ? 

GERMANY. 

Germany is a large country, situated in the central 
part of Europe. 

Under the general title of Germany are included, first, 
about one third of Austria; second, the greater part of 
Prussia; third, Bavaria; fourth, Wurtemburg; fifth, 
Hanover; sixth, Saxony; seventh, 27 smaller states; 
and eighth, four free cities. 

The Austrian part of Germany is included within the 
boundaries of Austria. The Prussian dominions in Ger¬ 
many are, first, the western part of Prussia, as seen on 
the map; second, three provinces on both sides of the 
Rhine, in the western part of Germany. 

Bavaria lies west of Austria, and the Danube passes 
nearly through its centre. Munich, the capital, is a 
splendid city. 

Wurtemburg lies in the southwest of Germany, and 
west of Bavaria. Stutgard is the capital. 

Hanover is on the north border. Hanover is the 
capital. 

Saxony joins Austria on the south, and is the smallest 
kingdom in Europe. Dresden is the capital. 

The Grand Dutchy of Baden occupies the southwest 
corner of Germany, between Wurtemburg and France. 
A Grand Duke resides at Carlsruhe. 


EUROPE. 


8] 


The twenty-seven smaller states of Germany are of 
different degrees of importance; none of them are of 
great extent. Luxemburg belongs to Holland and Bel¬ 
gium; Holstein and Laucnburg to Denmark. The rest are 
dutchies, principalities, and electorates, about equal in 
extent to a New England county, and ruled by various 
princes, who administer the government, and claim the 
allegiance of the people, by the right of inheritance. 

The four free cities in Germany, are Frankfort, Bre¬ 
men, Hamburg, and Lubec. Frankfort is situated on 
the Maine , a branch of the Rhine. It is the seat of the 
German diet. 


PRUSSIA. 

Prussia consists of two divisions; first, the provinces 
in the west, mentioned under the head of the German 
States; second, the eastern division of Prussia, consist¬ 
ing of seven provinces. 

Towns. Berlin, the capital of eastern Prussia, is a 
magnificent city. 


AUSTRIA. 

The present Austrian dominions consist of one third 
part of what was once called Germany; nearly one fourth 
part of Italy; the Kingdom of Hungary, and a great part 
of what once belonged to the Kingdom of Poland. 

Towns. Vienna is the seat of the Austrian court, 
and possesses many marks of magnificence. It is the 
centre of considerable trade. 

Trieste is an important sea port. Buda was the for¬ 
mer capital of Hungary. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Switzerland is noted for its mountains, valleys, glaciers 
cataracts, and lakes. 

The principal summits of the Alps, in Switzerland, are 
Simplon, and St. Bernard. 

Mount Simplon is famous for the magnificent road made over it 
by Bonaparte, which is more than 6,000 feet high. 


82 


EUROPE. 


Between the two summits of Mount St. Bernard is one of the prin¬ 
cipal passages from Switzerland to Italy; and, at the height of 8,000 
feet, there is a monastery and hospital. 

The Glaciers , which abound between the peaks of the high moun¬ 
tains, are fields of glittering ice and snow, extending sometimes 15 or 
20 miles. 

The Avalanches are immense masses of snow and ice, which detach 
themselves from the glaciers and are precipitated down the mountains. 


Rivers. The Rhine and the Rhone are the only two 
large rivers in Switzerland. 

Lakes. The largest lakes are Geneva and Constance. 

Towns. Berne is usually considered the capital of 
Switzerland. 

Towns. Geneva, the most populous town, is at the 
southeast end of the Lake of Geneva. It is a famous 
seat of learning; Basle on the Rhine, and Zurich, are 
noted towns 


FRANCE. 

France is situated to the west of the central part of 
Europe, and includes the Island of Corsica. 

Rivers. The four largest rivers are the Seine, Loire, 
Garonne and Rhone. 

The Seine passes through Paris, and flows into the 
British Channel, at Havre de Grace. It is navigable 
for large vessels to Rouen. 

The Loire flows through the central part of France, 
and runs into the Atlantic Ocean. It is connected with 
the Seine and Rhone, by canals. 

The Garonne is navigable to Toulouse, where it is join* 
ed by a canal, 140 miles long, opening a communication 
to the Mediterranean. 

The Rhone rises in the mountains of Switzerland, and 
flows into the Gulf of Lyons. 

Mountains. The principal ranges are the Pyrenees in 
the south, and the Alps in the southeast. 


EUROPE. 


83 


Towns. Paris, the capital of France, is situated on 
the Seine, in the northern part, and is one of the most 
splendid cities in the world, the second in population in 
Europe, and is the centre of fashions. 

Lyons, situated on the Rhone, is the second city in 
France. 

The five largest commercial ports are Marseilles, Bor¬ 
deaux, Nantes, Havre de Grace and Rouen. 

The principal naval stations are Brest on the Atlantic, 
and Toulon on the Mediterranean. 

The other noted towns are Strasburg, Orleans, Tou¬ 
louse, Montpelier, and Ajaccio, the capital of Corsica 
and birth place of Bonaparte. 

SPAIN. 

Spain comprises the most of a large peninsula in the 
southwest of Europe, and is separated from France by 
the Pyrenees. It is a mountainous country. 

Mountains. The Pyrenees form the northeastern 
boundary, and are connected with the Cantabrian chain, 
extending through the north of Spain. 

Montserat, about 20 miles northeast of Barcelona, is nearly 4,000 
feet high and consists of an assemblage of conical lulls, and is remark¬ 
able for its hermitages and monasteries. 

Rivers. The five largest are the Tagus, Duero, Ebro, 
Guadiana, and Guadalquivir, none of which is navigable 
to any extent. 

Islands. Spain has three islands in the Mediterranean, 
viz. Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica. 

Towns. Madrid, the capital of Spain, is situated on 
the Manzanares, a branch of the Tagus, near the centre 
of the kingdom and is about 2,000 feet above the level of 
the sea. 

The two most considerable commercial ports are 
Barcelona, in the northeast, and Cadiz in the southwest. 

The other principal ports are Malaga, and Carthagena. 

The other noted towns are Seville, on the Guadalqui¬ 
vir, Granada, Saragossa, Valencia, Toledo, Valadolid, 
and Leon. 


84 


EUROPE. 


Gibralter is a celebrated promontory, 1,400 feet high, 
at the southern extremity of Spain, belonging to Great 
Britain. It has a fortress which is considered the stron¬ 
gest in the world. 

PORTUGAL. 

Portugal is a small kingdom, lying between Spain and 
the Atlantic Ocean. 

It was once distinguished as a maritime power; but its 
prosperity has declined. 

Rivers. The three principal rivers are the Tagus, 
Duero, and Guadiana. 

Towns. Lisbon, the capital, situated near the mouth 
of the Tagus, has an excellent harbor, and is one of the 
most commercial cities of Europe. The other towns are 
Oporto, near the mouth of the Duero, Coimbra, and St. 
Ubes. 

ITALY. 

Italy consists of a long peninsula extending into the 
Mediterranean, and separated from Switzerland by the 
Alps. It was once the seat of a mighty empire, but is 
now divided among several governments. 

Mountains. The Alps are on the north; the Apen¬ 
nines extend throughout the whole length of the peninsula. 
Vesuvius, a celebrated volcano, is in Italy, near Naples. 
Etna, a volcanic mountain, is in Sicily. 

Islands. Sicily, a large and fertile island, is the most 
important. The other islands are Sardinia, which gives 
name to the kingdom of Sardinia; Corsica, which be¬ 
longs to France; Malta belonging to Great Britain; Elba, 
noted for mines, and for the residence of Bonaparte; and 
the Lipari Islands north of Sicily. 

Rivers. The River Po is in the northern part of Italy. 
The other most noted river is the Tiber. 

Italy is divided into the following states, viz: 1st. Lom¬ 
bardy or Austrian Italy, in the northeast; 2d. Sardinia, in 
the northwest; 3d. The Dutchies of Parma, Modena, Luc¬ 
ca, the States of the Church, and the Republic of St. Marino 


EUROPE. 


85 


in the middle. 4th. The kingdom of the two Sicilies, or 
Naples, and the island of Sicily in the south. 

Lombardy. 

Lombardy lies between the river Po on the south, and the Alps 
on the north, and belongs to Austria. It is sometimes called 
Austrian Italy. 

Milan is the capital. 


Kingdom of Sardinia. 

The Kingdom of Sardinia comprises Piedmont, Genoa, Savoy, and 
the island of Sardinia. 

Towns. Turin is the capital of Piedmont, and of the kingdom 
of Sardinia. Genoa, on the gulf of the same name, is noted as the 
native country of Columbus. Genoa, the capital of the province 
of Genoa, was formerly one of the most commercial cities in the 
world. Savoy contains the high summit of Mont Blanc, and the 
celebrated vale of Chamouni. 

The island of Sardinia is thinly inhabited. The principal town 
is Cagliari. 


Parma. 

The Dutchy of Parma joins the Sardinian States on the west, and 
extends to the Po on the north. Parma is the capital. 

Modena and Lucca. 

The Dutchies of Modena and Lucca are two small states, east of 
Parma, and have capitals of the same name. 

States of the Church. 

The States of the Church comprise the central part of Italy, which 
is under the government of the Pope, who is invested with absolute 
power. 

Toums. Rome, the capital, and the residence of the Pope, is situ¬ 
ated on the Tiber, fifteen miles from its mouth. It was once the 
most powerful and magnificent city in the world; and it still con¬ 
tains many remarkable monuments, and splendid edifices. 

St. Marino. 

The Republic of St. Marino includes a mountain and a surround¬ 
ing district of forty miles within the Pope’s dominions. 

Tuscany. 

The Grand Dutchy of Tuscany is situated on the Mediterranean. 
Florence is the capital. The island of Elba belongs to it. 

Naples, or the Two Sicilies. 

This kingdom comprises the country of Naples, and the island 
of Sicily. 

H 


86 


EUROPE. 


Tovms. Naples, the capital of the kingdom, is the largest city 
in Italy; it is situated on one of the finest bays in the world. 

Palermo is the capital of the island of Sicily. The other towns 
are Catania and Syracuse. 


TURKEY. 

The Turkish, or Ottoman Empire, embraces the south¬ 
east of Europe, and the southwest of Asia, and the north¬ 
east of Africa. 

The countries included in this empire, are celebrated 
in ancient history, and they were the scenes of most of 
the events recorded in the Bible. 

TURKEY IN EUROPE. 

Turkey in Europe lies between the Black Sea and the 
Gulf of Venice. 

Mountains. The Ilcemus mountains are the principal 
range in Turkey, and extend from east to west through 
the country. 

Rivers. The Danube is much the largest. The other 
most important river is the Pruth. 

Towns. Constantinople, the metropolis of the Tur¬ 
kish Empire, is on the west side of the Bosphorus , and 
has one of the finest harbors in the world. 

Adrianople, Salonica, Bucharest, Jassy, Sophia, Bel¬ 
grade, and Silistria, are the other most noted towns. 

GREECE. 

Greece is principally formed of a peninsula in the 
south of Europe. 

It consists of three parts, 1st. Greece Proper; which 
lies north of Corinth; 2dly. The Morea, anciently Pelo¬ 
ponnesus; 3dly. the Greek Islands , the largest of which 
are Candia, and Negropont. 

Towns. Athens, once a splendid city, is now greatly 
reduced. Missolonghi is a noted place. 


EUROPE. 


87 


Some of the principal towns in the Morea, are Napo¬ 
li, Corinth, and Navarino. 

The Ionian Republic. 

The Ionian Republic comprises the following small islands, near 
the west side of Greece ; viz: Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, St. Maura , 
Ithaca and Cerigo. 

Towns. Corfu, on the island of the same name, is the seat of 
government, and contains a university. 


QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF EUROPE, CONTINUED. 

How is Germany bounded ? 

In what part, and on what river, is Frankfort ? 

In what part is Baden ? Saxony ? Where is Bavaria ? 

Which way from Bavaria is Wurtemburg? 

In what part of Germany is Hanover ? 

How is Prussia bounded ? In what part is Berlin ? 

On what river is Dresden ? 

At the mouth of what river is Stettin ? 

In what part of Prussia is Konigsburg ? 

How is Austria bounded ? 

Through what part of Austria does the Danube flow ? 

On what river is Vienna ? Where is Prague ? Buda ? Trieste ? 
On what gulf is Venice ? 

What mountains in the northern part of Austria ? 

How is Switzerland bounded? 

In what part is Berne ? 

On what lake is Geneva ? Where is Zurich ? 

How is France bounded ? 

On what river is Paris ? On what river are Nantes and Orleans ? 
On what river is Bordeaux ? On what is Lyons ? 

In what part of France are Marseilles and Toulon ? 

Where is Brest ? Bayonne ? Montpelier ? 

How is Spain bounded ? Where is Madrid ? 

On what river is Seville ? Where is Carthagena ? Barcelona ? 
Leon ? At the mouth of what river is Cadiz ? 

Where is Malaga ? 


88 


EUROPE. 


How is Portugal bounded ? 

At the mouth of what river is Lisbon ? 

Where is Oporto ? St. Ubes ? 

How is Italy bounded ? What mountains in Italy ? 

On what river, and in what part of Italy is Rome ? 

What mountains east of Naples ? Into what does the Po run ? 
Which way from Italy is Sicily P What island south of Sicily ? 
Where is Mount Etna ? Where is Florence ? 

On what gulf is Genoa ? Where is the Sardinian Kingdom ? 
Which way from Rome is Turin ? 

Which way from Naples is the island of Sardinia ? 

What large island north of Sardinia ? 

Which way from Leghorn is the island of Elba ? 

On which side of Sicily is Palermo ? Where is Syracuse ? 

On what gulf is Tarento ? 

How is Turkey in Europe bounded ? 

What large river runs through Turkey? 

In what part is Constantinople ? Where is Adrianople ? 
Silistria ? In what part of Turkey is Sophia ? 

What sea lies east of Greece ? 

What part of Greece is called Morea ? 

In what part of Greece is Athens ? Where is Corinth ? 

Where is the island of Zante ? Where is Corfu ? 


89 


ASIA. 

Asia includes the following countries; namely, Russia 
in the north; Tartary and Thibet in the middle; Turkey, 
Arabia, Persia, in the west; Beloochistan, Afghanistan, 
Hindostan, Farther India, China, Corea, and Japan, 
in the south and southeast. 

Mountains. The two great ranges of mountains are 
the Himmaleh and the Altai. 

The Altai mountains are about 5000 miles in length, 
extending almost across Asia, on the borders of Siberia 
and Tart ary. 

The Himmaleh mountains, which separate Hindostan 
from Thibet and Tartary, extend about 1,400 miles in 
length, and are supposed to be the highest mountains on 
the globe. The most elevated summit may be seen 200 
miles. 

Rivers. Some of the largest are the Obi, Yenisei, 
Lena, in the north; the Amour, Hoang Ho, and Kian 
Ku, in the east; the Cambodia, Irrawaddy, Burrampoo- 
ter, Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, and Tigris, in the south. 

Lakes. The largest lakes, or inland seas, are the 
Caspian, Aral, and Baikal. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA. 

How is Asia bounded? In what part is Russia? 

Which way from Russia is the Chinese Empire ? 

In what part of the Chinese Empire is China? 

In what part of Asia are Turkey, Arabia and Persia? 

What country east of the Caspian Sea ? 

In what part of Asia is Kamtschatka ? 

What two countries southeast of Persia ? 

What bay east of Hindostan ? What sea west ? 

Which way from Hindostan is Thibet? 

What Empire south of Thibet ? 

Which way from Malacca is Sumatra? 

What sea east of China ? 

Which way from Corea are the Japan Islands ? 

H 2 


90 


ASIA. 


TURKEY IN ASIA. 



HOLY TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM. 

Turkey in Asia comprehends several countries, in the 
west, bordering on the Mediterranean. 

The principal modern divisions are Natolia, Syria, 
Armenia, and Diarbekir. 

Rivers. The two great rivers are the Euphrates and 
Tigris. 

Mountains. The greatest range is that of Taurus; 
Mount Libanus is in Syria; Mount Olympus is south of 
the sea of Marmora; Mount Ida is near the Dandanelles; 
Mount Ararat is on the borders of Turkey and Persia. 

Islands. The principal island is Cyprus. 

Natolia. 

The name of Natolia is applied to the country anciently called 
Asia Minor , which is a large peninsula between the Mediterranean 
and Black Sea. 

Towns. Smyrna is the largest town, and is noted for its great 
antiquity. 

Syria. 

Syria lies between the Mediterranean and the river Euphrates, and 
includes, in the south, the country of Palestine. 


























ASIA. 9| 

Towns. Aleppo is the largest city. Damascus, Tripoli, and An¬ 
tioch , are some of the most noted places. 

Jerusalem, anciently the capital of Palestine or Judea , is now 
remarkable chiefly as a place of pilgrimage. Christian pilgriins 
resort to it to visit the tomb of our Saviour. 

Armenia. 

Armenia, in the northeast of Turkey, is a mountainous country. 

Diarbekir and Bagdad. 

Diarbekir is the capital of a country of the same name. 

Bagdad, on the Tigris, was once the renowned seat of the Ma¬ 
hometan or Saracen caliphs, and one of the most splendid cities in 
the world. It contained 2,000,000, inhabitants. 


RUSSIA IN ASIA. 

Russia in Asia includes all the north of Asia. The 
most fertile and populous part is the southwest, which 
borders on the Caspian and Black Seas, embracing the 
countries of Circassia and Georgia. 

Towns. Astrachan, on the Volga, is the largest 
town in Asiatic Russia. 


SIBERIA. 

Siberia forms the principal part of Asiatic Russia, and 
is one of the most desolate regions of the globe. 

Mountains. The Ural Mountains form the western 
limit, the Altai, the southern. 

Rivers. Obi, Yenisei, and Lena, are the largest. 

Lakes. The principal Lake is Baikal. 

Towns. Tobolsk is the capital of Siberia. 

ARABIA. 

Arabia is a large peninsula in the southwest of Asia, 
and connected with Africa by the isthmus of Suez. It 
consists chiefly of vast sandy deserts, having little water. 

Mountains. Mount Sinai and Horeb , which are sum- 


9& 


AStA. 


mits of the same range, are situated between the two 
northern branches of the Red Sea, and are memorable 
for events recorded in the Bible. 

Towns. Mecca, the most celebrated city of Arabia, 
is situated in a barren country forty miles from the Red 
Sea. It is noted for being the birthplace of Mahomet, 
and for being a resort of pilgrims from all parts of the 
Mahometan world. 

Medina is noted for containing the tomb of Mahomet, 
on account of which it is regarded by Mahometans, as a 
holy city. 

Mocha, near the Strait of Babelmandel, and Muscat, 
in the southeast, are the two principal commercial ports. 

INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 

Independent Tartary is an extensive country, compris¬ 
ing the western part of Central Asia, and extending from 
Chinese Tartary on the east, to the Caspian Sea on the 
west. It is inhabited by various independent tribes. 

The Caspian Sea on the west, is upwards of 600 miles 
in length, and the sea of Aral is 250 miles long. They 
have no communication with the ocean, and their waters 
are salt. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Jihon and Sihon. 

Towns. Bukhari a, the capital of Great Bukharia, is 

noted as the seat of Mahometan learning. 

PERSIA. 

Persia is generally a mountainous country, but has 
many deserts, salt lakes, and marshes. 

The Great Salt Desert , in the central part, is more 
than three hundred miles long. 

Towns. Teheran is the present capital. 

Ispahan, the late capital, and a celebrated city, was 
formerly one of the largest and most splendid cities in 
the East, and contained a million of inhabitants. The two 
principal sea ports are Bushire and Gombroon. 


ASIA. 


93 


AFGHANISTAN. 

This is a modern division in Asia, formed of the eastern 
part of Persia, the northwestern part of Hindostan, and 
the southern part of Tartary. 

Towns. Cabul, the capital, has an extensive trade. 

Cashmere, the capital of a country of the same name, 
is famous for the manufacture of shawls. 

BELOOCHISTAN. 

Beloochistan lies to the south of Afghanistan. The 
chief town is Kelat. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF ASIA, CONTINUED. 

How is Turkey in Asia bounded ? 
la what part of Turkey is Smyrna ? 

In what part are Jerusalem and Damascus ? 

On what river is Bagdad ? Into what does the Euphrates flow ? 

How is Russia in Asia bounded ? 

In what part and on what river is Astrachan ? 

Where is Lake Baikal ? 

What is the northern part of Russia called ? 

How is Arabia bounded ? In what part is Mecca ? * 

Where is Mocha ? In what part is Mount Sinai ? 

On what gulf is Muscat ? 

In what part of Arabia is the Great Desert? 

How is Persia bounded ? In what part is Teheran? 

Where is Ispahan ? On what gulf are Bushire and Gombroon ? 

How is Afghanistan bounded ? In what part is Cabul ? 

How is Beloochistan bounded ? Where is Kelat ? 


94 


ASIA. 


HINDOSTAN. 

Hindostan comprises all the country south o^ the Him* 
maleh mountains, and east of the river Indus; and has 
the bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian sea on 
the west. 

Rivers. The three great rivers are the Ganges, Bur- 
rampooter and Indus. The other rivers are the Kristna, 
Godavery, Nerbuddah, and the branches of the Ganges. 

The Ganges, the largest river of Hindostan, and one 
of the largest in Asia, rises in the Himmaleh mountains, 
and, after a course of 2000 miles, flows into the bay of 
Bengal, by many mouths. The Delta of the river, or 
the country bordering on its mouths, and subject to in¬ 
undation, is about two hundred miles square. 

The Burrampooter rises near the source of the Gan¬ 
ges, and flows on the east side of the mountains. These 
rivers, after having separated 1,200 miles, unite and 
flow into the bay of Bengal. 

The Indus is the great river in the western part of the 
country. 

Towns. Calcutta, the capital of all British India, 
is on the Hoogly, one of the mouths of the Ganges, about 
one hundred miles from the sea, and is a place of great 
commerce. 

Bombay, on an island near the western coast, and 
Madras, on the southeastern coast, are the two principal 
seats of British power and commerce. 

Delhi and Agra were each of them formerly the capi¬ 
tals of the Mogul Empire. 

Benares is noted as a holy city of the Hindoos, and 
the chief seat of their learning. 

Surat, on the western coast, is noted for commerce. 

Goa, on the western coast, is the capital of the Por¬ 
tuguese settlements in India; Pondicherry, on the south¬ 
east coast, is the chief place of the French settlements; 
Tranquebar of the Danish settlements. 

Ceylon, a large island, near the south end of Hindos¬ 
tan, belongs to Great Britain. 

In the interior of the island there is a mountain, called 
Adam’s peak, to which pilgrimages are often made by 


ASIA. 


95 


the natives, who have a tradition, that from this place 
Adam took his last view of Paradise. 

Some of the principal towns are Colombo, and Candy. 
FARTHER INDIA. 

Farther India is an extensive region, in the southeast 
of Asia, having Thibet and China on the north, the 
Chinese Sea on the east, the Strait of Malacca on the 
south, and the Bay of Bengal and Hindostan, on the 
w r est. 

It comprehends the Birman Empire, the peninsula of 
Malacca, and the kingdoms of Siam, Cambodia, Laos, 
Cochin China, and Tonquin. 

Rivers. The three great rivers, are the Irrawaddy, 
the Meinam, and Cambodia. 

Birman Empire. 

The Birman Empire, which is much the largest and most impor¬ 
tant state of Farther India, comprises several ancient kingdoms. 

Towns. Ava is the capital. It is situated on the Irrawaddy, 500 
miles from its mouth. It is surrounded by a wall. 

Rangoon, on the same river, 15 miles from its mouth, is the most 
commercial place. 

Siam. 

The kingdom of Siam, consists chiefly of a spacious and fertile 
valley, situated between two ridges of mountains, and intersected by 
the river Meinam. 

Towns. The principal town is Siam. 

Malacca. 

Malacca is a peninsula about 700 miles long. 

The city of Malacca, formerly a place of commercial importance, 
is now reduced. 


Cambodia. 

Cambodia, a country watered by a river of the same name, is little 
known. 

Cambodia is the capital. 

Laos. 

Laos, a country in the interior, is little known. 


96 


ASIA. 


Cochin China. 

Cochin China borders on the gulf of Tonquin and the sea of 
China. 

Saigon, the largest town, is situated on an arm of the Cambodia, 
about sixty miles from the sea. 

Tonquin. 

Tonquin, a country much subject to hurricanes, borders on the 
gulf of Tonquin. 


CHINESE EMPIRE. 

The Chinese Empire includes the country of China, 
Chinese Tartary, Thibet, and Corea; and with regard 
to population, it exceeds all other empires in the world. 

CHINA. 

China is a large, fertile, highly cultivated and pop¬ 
ulous country, extending from the Great Wall on the 
north, to the Gulf of Tonquin on the south. 

Rivers. The Hoang Ho, and the Kian-ku, are the 
two largest rivers in Asia. 

Islands. The principal are Hainan, Formosa, and the 
Loochoo islands. 

The Great Wall, which bounds China on the north, is 
about 1,500 miles in length, and is the greatest fabric on 
the globe. It is built of stone and brick, and is nearly 
thirty feet high, and fourteen broad at the top, and has 
towers with cannon placed on them, at the distance of 
one hundred paces from each other. 

China is celebrated for the inland navigation, by 
means of rivers and canals. The Imperial Canal, which 
extends from Pekin to Hanchoofou, about 600 miles in 
length, is the greatest work of the kind in the world. 

Towns. Pekin, the capital, situated in the northeast 
part of China, it supposed by many to be the most popu¬ 
lous city in the world. 

Nankin, situated on the Kian-ku, at the junction of the 


ASIA. 


97 


great canal, is the first city with regard to manufactures, 
and is noted for nankins, crapes, and silks. 

Canton, in the southern part, is noted for being the 
only port, in China, to which European and American 
vessels are admitted. Near Canton is the Boat Town , 
a kind of floating city, and computed to contain from 
100,000 to 300,000 people. 

THIBET. 

Thibet, a country dependent on China, is remarkable 
for its great elevation, and for being the most mountain¬ 
ous country in Asia. 

Mountains. The Himmaleh mountains lie in the 
southern part. 

Rivers. The principal river is the Burrampooter. 

Towns. Lassa, the capital of Thibet, is on the Bur¬ 
rampooter. 


CHINESE TARTARY. 

Chinese Tartary is a vast country of Central Asia , 
extending from Independent Tartary to the Pacific 
Ocean, and comprising Little Bukharia, and Soongaria, 
and Mongolia in the middle, and Mantchooria in the east. 

A remarkable feature of this country is its great ele¬ 
vation. It consists mostly of elevated plains, supported 
like a table by the Altai mountains on the north, and the 
Himmaleh on the southwest. 

The eastern part of Mantchooria, which is watered 
by the great river Amour, is the most fertile. 

The vast Desert of Cobi in the central part of Asia, 
is about 2000 miles long. 

Towns. The principal town is Cashgar in the west¬ 
ern part. 


COREA. 

Corea is little known, and consists chiefly of a pen¬ 
insula, and is dependent on China, from which it is 
separated by the Yellow Sea. 

1 


98 


ASIA, 


JAPAN. 

The empire of Japan is composed of several islands, 
which lie to the east of Asia. Niphon is the largest of 
them. Jesso forms a part of the empire. Jeddo, the 
capital of Japan, is on the island of Niphon. 


QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF ASIA, CONTINUED. 

How is Hindostan bounded ? In what part is Calcutta? 

Where is Delhi ? On which side are Bombay, Surat, and Goa ? 
Where are Pondicherry and Madras ? 

Into what does the Ganges flow ? In what part is the Indus River ? 

How is Farther India bounded ? 

In what part is the Birman Empire ? 

On what river is Ava, the capital ? 

Into what does the Irrawaddy flow ? 

What five countries, in Farther India, lie east of the Birman Em¬ 
pire ? 

What sea east of Cochin China ? 

Which way from the Birman Empire is Malacca ? 

How is the Chinese Empire bounded on the north t 
On what seas does Corea border ? Where is the Chinese wall ? 

In what part of China is Pekin ? On what river is Nankin ? 

Where is Canton ? What canal in the eastern part of China ? 

In what part of the Chinese Empire is Thibet ? 

Where is Hainan Island ? Where is Formosa ? 

In what part of Thibet is Lassa J 

What is the northern part of the Chinese Empire called ? 

In what does the Amour River flow ? Where is Cashgar ? 

Where is the Desert of Cobi ? 

Where are the Japan Islands ? 

Which is the largest of these Islands ? 

On what Island is Jeddo ? 

In what part of Sumatra is Bancoolen ? 

Where is Batavia ? Strait of Malacca ? Strait of Sunda ? 

Torres Strait? Strait of Macassar ? 

Bass Strait ? Where is Mauritius, or the Isle of France ? 

Island of Bourbon ? Banks of Nazareth ? 


AFRICA. 


Africa consists of a vast peninsula, connected with 
Asia by the isthmus of Suez, which lies between the 
Mediterranean and Red Sea. This isthmus is 75 miles 
wide. 

Rivers. The two most celebrated rivers are the Nile 
and the Niger, with their branches; the other rivers are 
the Senegal Gambia, Congo, Orange and Cuama. 

The Nile, the most celebrated river on the globe, is 
formed by two branches, one of which rises in Abyssinia, 
and the other in the country to the southwest. It passes 
through Nubia and Egypt, and, after a course of 2,500 
miles, flows into the Mediterranean by two principal 
mouths. 

The Niger, whose source and termination have been 
until recently unknown, is found to rise in the west part 
of Africa, near the mountain of Loma. After pursuing a 
northeasterly course to Timbuctoo, in the interior of the 
country, it turns to the south and flows into the Gulf of 
Guinea by many mouths. Its course south is, on some 
new maps, called Kowara. Some of its most noted 
branches are the Joliba, Coomba, and Wedel Rivers. 
The land round the mouths of the Niger is called the 
Delta, and is frequently overflowed. 

Islands. The principal islands are Madagascar, 
Socotra, Mauritius and Bourdon, on the east; the Cana- % 
ries, Madeira, Azores, Cape Verd, and St. Helena on 
the west. 

Mountains. The most noted are the Atlas mountains 
in the north; the Mountains of the Moon, and the Kong 
Mountains in the central part; Table Mountains in the 
south part, and the Peak of Teneriffe on one of the Canary 
Islands. 

A remarkable feature of Africa consists in its immense 
deserts; the desert of Sahara is the largest and most 
celebrated. 


100 


AFRICA. 


Africa may be comprised under the following general 
divisions; Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia in the north¬ 
east; the Barbary States in the north; Western Africa; 
Central Africa; Southern Africa; Southeastern Africa; 
and the African Islands. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. 

How is Africa bounded ? 

Which way does the Nile run, and into what does it flow ? 

Into what does the Niger flow? Where is Madagascar ? 

What channel separates it from Africa ? 

What island East of the Strait of Babelmandel ? 

Where are the Canary Islands ? 

Which way from Morocco are the Madeira Islands ? 

Where is St. Helena? Where are the Atlas Mountains? 

Which way from Abyssinia are the Mountains of the Moon ? 

What great Desert in the northwest of Africa? 

Which way from Sahara is Soudan ? 

In what part of Africa are Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia? 

In what part are Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis ? 

What sea lies north of Tripoli and Barca? 

Which way from Tripoli is Fezzan? 

In what part of Africa is Senegambia ? 

What large country lies south of Soudan ? 

Which way from Guinea are Loango, Congo, Angola, and Ben- 
guela ? 

What is the southern part of Africa called ? 

Which way from Cape Colony is Caffraria ? 

What two countries in Africa west of Madagascar ? 

Which way from Mozambique is Zanquebar ? 

Where are Magadoxa, Ajan, and Adel ? 

Which way from Abyssinia is Darfour ? 

Which way and into what do Senegal and Gambia Rivers flow ? 
What is the western cape of Africa ? Southern ? 

Near the mouth of what river is Liberia? 

Which way from Liberia is Sierra Leone ? 

In what part of Guinea is Ashantee ? Dahomey ? 

Which way does the Orange river run ? Cuama ? 


AFRICA. 


101 


EGYPT. 



VIEW OF CAIRO. 

Egypt is divided into Upper Egypt and Isower Egypt. 
Upper Egypt lies south of Cairo; and Lower Egypt 
is situated between Cairo, and the Mediterranean, and 
is called the Delta. 

Rivers. The only river of Egypt is the Nile. This 
river annually overflows its banks, carrying with its wa¬ 
ters a fertilizing mud. 

Towns. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, the capital of modern 
Egypt, is the largest city in Africa, and carries on an 
extensive trade, with the interior of the continent and 
with Asia, by caravans. 

Alexandria, once distinguished as a seat of learning and 
commerce, is now greatly reduced. It exhibits interest¬ 
ing remains of ancient grandeur, among which are 
Pompey's Pillar, Cleopatra's JYeedle, and the Catacombs. 

Damietta, and Rosetta, on the two principal mouths 
of the Nile, are noted for commerce; Girge, Siout, Sy- 
ene, and Thebes, are the other principal towns. 

12 














102 


AFRICA. 


NUBIA. 

Nubia is an extensive country south of Egypt; and it 
comprises several kingdoms or states. The principal are 
Sennaar and Dongola. 

Towns. Dongola is noted as the capital of the king¬ 
dom of the same name. 

Sennaar is the capital of the kingdom of Sennaar. 
ABYSSINIA. 

Abyssinia lies west of the Red Sea and the Strait of 
Babelmandel. 

Towns. Gondar, the chief town, is situated on the 
northeast side of the lake Dembia; it is said to contain 
one hundred churches. 

Axum was the former capital. 

BARBARY STATES. 

Barbary is a name given to an extensive country in the 
north of Africa, which is situated between the desert of 
Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea, and comprises Mo¬ 
rocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. 

MOROCCO. 

The empire of Morocco is the largest of the Barbary 
States, and lies in the northwest of Africa, and includes 
Morocco Proper, Fez, and some other divisions. 

Towns. Morocco, the capital, is situated upwards of 
one hundred miles from the sea. 

Fez, formerly the capital of a kingdom of the same 
name, and noted as a seat of Mahometan learning, is 
now the largest city in the empire. 

ALGIERS. 

Algiers is the most noted of the Barbary States for 
naval strength and piracy. 


AFRICA. 


103 


Towns. Algiers is the capital of Algiers. Constan¬ 
tsa, the capital of the eastern province, is the second 
town in size. 


TUNIS. 

Tunis includes ancient Carthage, and contains many 
monuments of ancient magnificence. 

Toivns. Tunis, the capital, situated near the site of 
ancient Carthage, is one of the largest cities in Africa. 

TRIPOLI. 

Tripoli, the capital of the State of Tripoli, has a good 
harbor and considerable commerce, and is largely con¬ 
cerned in the caravan trade with the interior of Africa. 

BARCA. 

Barca contains the site of ancient Cyrene; but is 
mostly a desert. 

The chief towns are Derne and Bingazi. 

FEZZAN. 

Fezzan lies south of Tripoli and is surrounded by 
deserts. 

Towns. Mourzouk, the capital, is noted as a centre 
of the caravan trade of Africa. 

SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT. 

Sahara, or the Great Desert, lies south of Barbary, 
and is about 1000 miles broad, and 3000 miles in length. 

WESTERN AFRICA. 

Western Africa comprises all the countries on the 
west, which lie between the desert of Sahara, and Ben- 
guela; and it is noted for being the principal theatre of 
the slave trade. 


104 


AFRICA. 


This region includes the kingdoms of Senegambia, in 
the north; Guinea, in the middle; and Loango, Congo, 
Angola, and Benguela, in the south. 

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Niger, Senegal, 
Gambia, Grand, Mesurado, and Congo, 

Towns. Some of the principal towns are Teembo, 
the chief town of the Foulahs; Coomassie, the capital 
ofAshantee; Abomey, and Benin. 

In Sierra Leone, there is an English colony estab¬ 
lished lor colonizing free negroes, and promoting the 
civilisation of Africa. 

In Liberia, near the river Mesurado, a similar settle¬ 
ment has been formed by the American Colonization 
Society. 


CENTRAL AFRICA. 

Soudan, or Nigritia, is a name applied to an exten¬ 
sive region in the interior, south of the desert of Sahara, 
and includes several countries and kingdoms. Some of 
the principal are Timbuctoo, Houssa, Bambara, Bornou, 
and Darfour. 

Towns. Timbuctoo, situated near the Niger, is the 
commercial capital of Central Afnca. Some of the other 
towns are Sackatoo, Sego, Kashna, Kouka and Kobbe. 

SOUTHERN AFRICA. 

Southern Africa includes Caffraria, and the English 
Cape Colony. 

Towns. Two of the principal towns are Lattakoo, and 
Kurreechane. 

Cape Town, the capital of the colony, is situated on 
Table Bay, near Table Mountain, ninety miles from 
the Cape. 

SOUTHEASTERN AFRICA. 

This region, which extends from Caffraria to the 
Strait of Babelmandel, has been partially colonized by 
the Portuguese; but it is little known. 

Some of the principal countries are Monomotopa, 
Mozambique, Zanquebar, Magadoxa, Ajan, and Adel. 


AFRICA. 


105 


AFRICAN ISLANDS. 

The principal islands on the eastern coast of Africa 
are Madagascar, Socotra and the Comoro Islands, 
chiefly in the possession of the natives; Bourbon, be¬ 
longing to France; and Mauritius, which belongs to 
Great Britain. 

The most important islands on the west of Africa are 
Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verde Islands, be¬ 
longing to Portugal; the Canaries, which belong to 
Spain; and St. Helena, in the possession of Great Brit¬ 
ain. 

Madagascar is a large island and has a mountainous 
surface. 

Teneriffe, the largest of the Canaries, is noted for its 
Peak, which may be seen at sea 120 miles. 

St. Helena, a small island surrounded by high preci¬ 
pices of rock, is famous for having been the place of the 
imprisonment and death of Bonaparte. 

QUESTIONS, ON THE MAP OF AFRICA, CONTINUED. 

How is Egypt bounded P On what river is Cairo ? 

In what part is Alexandria ? Where are Rosetta, and Damietta ? 

On what river is Thebes ? Where is Dongolia ? Sennaar ? 

On what Lake is Gondar ? How is Nubia bounded ? Abyssinia ? 
How are the Barbary States bounded ? Barca ? Tripoli ? 

Tunis ? Algiers ? Morocco ? 

Where is Derne ? Tunis ? Algiers ? Morocco ? 

Near what Cape are the JalofFs and Feloops ? 

On what river is Teembo ? 

What four coasts border on the Gulf of Guinea? 

In what part of Africa are the Hottentots ? 

Where is Cape Town ? What is the southern Cape of Madagascar ? 
Where are the Canary Islands ? 

Where are the Comoro Islands ? Which way from Africa is St. 
Helena ? 

Where is St. Thomas’ Island ? 

Where is the Island of Fernando Po ? 

Which way from Abyssinia to Darfour ? 

In what part of Nigritia is Lake Tchad ? 

In what part of Africa are the unexplored regions ? 


106 


OCEANICA. 


OCEANIC A. 

OR 

ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 

The vast number of islands, in the Pacific Ocean, ly¬ 
ing chiefly to the southeast of Asia, are styled, byMalte 
Brun, Oceanica. 

These islands have commonly been divided into three 
classes, viz. the East India Islands, Australia, and 
Polynesia. 


EAST INDIA ISLANDS. 

The East India Islands comprise five divisions, viz. 
the Sunda, Borneo, Philippine, Celebes, and the Mo¬ 
luccas. 

SuNiM Isles. Sumatra i» mountainous, and contains 
the mountain of Ophir. 

This island is chiefly in possession of the natives; but 
the English have a small settlement at Bencoolen. 

Java belongs to the Dutch. 

Batavia, in Java, is the capital of all the Dutch East 
India possessions. 

Banca, an island east of Sumatra, also belongs to the 
Dutch, and is noted for its tin mines. 

Borneo. Borneo, the largest island in the world, 
except New Holland, is 800 miles long, and 700 miles 
broad; but it is little known. 

Philippine Islands. The Philippine Isles belong to 
Spain. The two largest are Luzon and Mindanao. 

Manilla, on the west coast of Luzon, is the capital of 
the Spanish East India possessions. 

Celebes. Celebes, a large island, belongs partly to 
the natives and partly to the Dutch. 

The Moluccas. The Moluccas, also called the Spice 
Islands , belong to the Dutch. The most important is¬ 
lands are Gilolo, and Caram. 


OCEANICA. 


107 


AUSTRALIA. 

Australia comprises New Holland, New Guinea, Van 
Diemen’s Land, New Britain, New Ireland, New Cale¬ 
donia, New Hebrides, New Zealand, and other smaller 
islands. 

New Holland, which is about three fourths as large as 
Europe, and is sometimes called a continent, was discov¬ 
ered by the Dutch. 

It is celebrated chiefly for the English colony, in New 
South Wales, formed of convicts from Great Britain. 

Sydney, the capital of the colony, is situated on the 
bay of Port Jackson, and has an excellent harbor. 

A similar colony has been established on Van Die¬ 
men’s Land. 

The island of New Guinea, which is about 1,200 miles 
in length, and 350 miles in breadth, is but little known. 

New Zealand, consists of two large islands, and has 
a temperate climate and luxuriant vegetation. 


POLYNESIA. 

Polynesia is composed principally of the following 
clusters of islands, viz. the Pelew, Ladrone, Carolines, 
Sandwich, Marquesas, Society, Friendly, Fegee, and 
Navigator’s Islands. 

The Sandwich Islands are one of the most important 
clusters of Polynesia, and are interesting on account of 
the progress which the natives have made in the arts of 
civilized life. 

Owhyee, one of the Sandwich Islands, and the largest 
island in Polynesia, is 100 miles long, and 80 broad, and 
is noted for the death of the celebrated Captain Cook. 





108 


OCEANICA. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD. 

Which way from America is Polynesia ? 

What Islands between Australia and Asia ? 

Which way from New Holland are New Guinea, New Britain and 
New Ireland ? 

In what part of New Holland is New South Wales ? 

Where is Botany Bay? Van Diemen’s Land? 

Which side the Equator are Navigator’s Islands ? 

Which way from New Zealand are New Caladonia and New He¬ 
brides ? 

Which way from Asia are the Ladrone and Pelew Islands ? 

Which way from Ladrone Islands are the Caroline Islands ? 

Which way from New Guinea are the Pelew Islands ? 

Where are the Marquesas Islands ? 

What is the latitude of Owhyee ? 


QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 


MAP OF THE WORLD. 

Into what grand divisions is the land of the globe divided ? 

Into what grand divisions are the waters of the globe divided ? 

By what oceans is the continent of America bounded ? 

By what oceans, mountains, river and seas is Europe bounded ? 

By what oceans, seas, river and mountains is Asia bounded ? 

By what seas and oceans is Africa bounded ? 

Which way from Asia, and east of what ocean is Australia ? 

Which way from America, and in what ocean is Polynesia ? 

Which way, and over what waters would a vessel sail in going from 
the eastern coast of North America, to the Sandwich Islands? 

Which way and over what waters from N. York to St. Petersburgh? 
From New York to Constantinople? From New Orleans to 
China ? From St. Petersburgh, round Cape Horn, to the west 
coast of America? From the west coast of America to the 
Japan Islands ? From the Japan Islands round the Cape of 
Good Hope, back to St. Petersburgh? 

What parts of North and South America, Africa, Asia, and New 
Holland are in the torrid zone ? 

What parts of North America, Europe, Asia and Africa in the 
northern temperate zone ? 

What parts of North America, Europe and Asia in the northern 
frigid zone ? 

What part of South America, Africa and New Holland in the 
southern temperate zone ? 

In what zone are most of the islands of Polynesia ? 

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

Into what three grand divisions is North America divided? 

How is British America bounded? United States? Mexico? 

K 


110 


QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 


In what part of North America are the Russian possessions ? 

In what part is Greenland ? How is Guatimala bounded ? 

How are the West India islands situated ? The Bermuda Is¬ 
lands ? Newfoundland ? 

What are the two great Bays of North America, and where sit¬ 
uated ? 

What the three largest Gulfs, and where situated? 

What are the eight largest Rivers in North America ? 

What are the nine principal Lakes ? 

What are the principal divisions of British America ? 

Which way, and over what waters would a vessel sail in going 
from Quebec to the Bay of Honduras? From the Bay of 
Honduras to Gaudaloupe ? 

Between what parallels of latitude do the United States lie ? 

Near what parallel of latitude is the city of Mexico ? New Or¬ 
leans ? Philadelphia ? 


MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What two great ranges of mountains in the United States ? 

What are the two largest lakes wholly within the United States ' 
What are the four principal branches of the Mississippi River ? 

What are the three largest branches of the Ohio River ? 

What are the twenty-six principal rivers on the eastern coast of the 
United States ? What the three principal Bays ? The three 
, principal Sounds ? 

How is Maine bounded ? What is the capital and where situated ? 
How is New Hampshire ? What the capital, &c. ? Vermont ? 
Massachusetts? Rhode Island? Connecticut? New York? 
New Jersey? Pennsylvania? Delaware? Maryland? Vir¬ 
ginia? North Carolina? South Carolina? Georgia? Ala¬ 
bama ? Mississippi ? Louisiana ? Tennessee ? Kentucky ? 
Ohio ? Indiana ? Illinois ? Missouri ? 

How is Florida territory bounded ? How Arkansas ? Michigan ? 

North West ? Missouri ? Oregon ? 

Which way would a vessel sail, and over what waters, in going 
from Eastport to Boston? From Boston to New York? From 
New York to Philadelphia ? From Philadelphia to Baltimore ? 
From Baltimore to New Orleans ? 


QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 


Ill 


MAP OF EASTERN ANl) MIDDLE STATES. 

What three states are bounded on the north by the 42d parallel 
of latitude? What is the longitude west of Greenwich of 
New York City ? What are the latitude and longitude of 
Boston ? Which way and over what waters would you sail 
in going from Bangor to Haverhill? From Haverhill to 
Providence? From Providence to Norwich? From Norwich 
to Hartford ? From Hartford to Albany ? From Albany to 
Trenton ? 


MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

What are the great political divisions of South America ? 

What great chain of mountains and in what part ? 

What the three principal rivers? How is Colombia bounded, 
what the capital, and where situated ? 

How is Guiana bounded? How Brazil, the capital and where 
situated ? 

How the United Provinces, the capital, &c ? 

How is Chili, the capital, &c? How Bolivia, the capital, &c? 

How Peru, the capital, &c ? How is Patagonia situated ? 

Near what parallel of latitude is Santa Fe de Bogota ? 

Rio Janeiro ? Buenos Ayres ? 

MAP OF EUROPE 

What countries does Europe contain ? 

What are the six principal ranges of mountains and where situated t 
What the three noted volcanoes ? What the principal seas ? 

What the largest gulfs and the largest bay ? 

What the five most noted lakes? 

What the three most noted rivers ? 

How is Norway bounded and what is the capital ? 

How is Sweden and what is the capital ? 

How Russia, &c? How Poland, &c ? How Prussia, &c ? 

How Denmark, &c ? England, Sec ? Scotland, &c ? Ireland, &c ? 
Netherlands, &c ? Germany, &c ? Austria, &c ? 

Switzerland, &c ? France, &c? Spain, &c? Portugal, &c ? 
Italy, Sec ? Turkey, Sec ? 


112 


QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 


MAP OF ASIA. 

What are the principal countries of Asia ? 

What the two great ranges of mountains ? 

What the three principal rivers in the north ? 

What three in the East ? What seven in the South ? 

How is Turkey in Asia bounded ? How is Russia in Asia ? 

How is Arabia, and what the capital ? How Independent Tar¬ 
tary? How Persia and what the capital? Afghanistan, &c.? 
Beloochistan, &c? Hindostan, &c ? Farther India? 

China, and the capital ? Thibet, &c ? Chinese Tartary ? 

MAP OF AFRICA. 

What countries in the North and Northeast of Africa? 

What are the two great rivers of Africa? 

What the principal mountains ? 

What the largest deserts and where situated ? 

How is Morocco bounded, and what is the capital? 

How Algiers, and what the capital ? How Tunis, &c ? 

How Tripoli, &c ? How Barca, &c ? How Egypt, &c ? 

How Nubia, &c ? How Abyssinia ? 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


SOLAR SYSTEM. 



The Earth is one of the planets of a great system of 
which the Sun is the centre, and which is, therefore, 
called the Solar System. This system is composed of 
the Sun, primary Planets, the secondary Planets, or Sat¬ 
ellites, and Comets. 

The Sun is an immense body, more than a million times larger 
than our earth. It is the source of light and heat to all other 
bodies in the system. 

K 2 













114 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


There are eleven primary Planets. They revolve 
round the Sun in the following order: Mercury, Venus, 
Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Sat¬ 
urn, and Uranus, or Herschel. 

The paths described by these planets in their revolution about the 
Sun, are called their orbits. 

Mercury and Venus have their orbits within the earth, and, are, 
therefore, called inferior or interior planets; the others, whose 
orbits are without that of the earth, are called superior or exterior 
planets. 

Mercury is a small planet, near the Sun, and is not often seen. 

Venus is nearly as large as our earth, and is very bright in its 
appearance. When it rises and sets before the Sun, it is called 
the Morning Star , and when it rises and sets after the Sun, it is 
called the Evening Star. 

Mars is much smaller than the earth, and is distinguished for its 
red and fiery color. 

Vesta, Juno, Ceres and Pallas are much smaller than the other 
planets, and were more recently discovered. 

Jupiter is distinguished for being the largest of the planets. 

Saturn is noted for being surrounded by a double ring. 

Uranus or Herschel is the most distant of the planets, and is but 
seldom seen. 


What is the great system, to which the earth belongs, called ? 

Of what is this system composed ? How large is the Sun ? 

Of what is it the source? How many primary planets are there ? 
What are their names ? What are their orbits? 

Where do Mercury and Venus have their orbits and what are they 
called t Where the other planets, &c. ? 

What is said of Venus? Mars? Vesta, Juno, Ceres and Pallas? 
Jupiter? Saturn? Uranus or Herschel ? 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


115 


SIZES, DISTANCES, ROTATIONS, AND PERIODS, OF 
THE SUN AND PLANETS. 



Charac. | 

Diameter 
in miles. 

Mean dis-i 
tances fr. 
the sun in 
mill. mis. 

Rotation on 
their axes. 

Time in revolv¬ 
ing round the 
Sun. 





ds. 

hr. 

m. 

ds. 

hr. 

m. 

Sun 

© 

883,246 


25 

14 

08 




Mercury 

$ 

3,224 

37 

00 

24 

00 

87 

23 

15 

Venus 

2 

7,687 

68 

0 

23 

22 

224 

16 

49 

Earth 

© 

7,912 

95 

0 

23 

56 

365 

06 

09 

Mars 


4,189 

144 

1 

00 

39 

686 

23 

30 

Vesta 

£ 

238 

225 




1,161 

19 


Juno 

ft 

1,425 

252 




1,589 



Ceres 

2 


263 




1,681 

12 

9 

Pallas 

2 


265 




1,682 



J upiter 

V- 

89,170 

490 

0 

09 

56 

4,332 

08 

51 

Saturn 

h 

79,042 

900 

0 

10 

16 

10,761 

14 

37 

Uranus 

¥ 

35,112 

1,800 




30,445 

18 

00 

Moon 

D 

2,180 

95 

29 

12 

44 

365 

06 

09 


There are eighteen smaller bodies revolving round the 
primary Planets, called Satellites. The Earth has 1, 
[the moon); Jupiter,4; Saturn,7; Uranus or Herschel, 6. 

Comets are bodies which revolve round the Sun in 
very eccentric orbits. 

The Comets have generally a long bright train attached to them. 
Several hundred of them have appeared since the Christian era. 

There are also a great number of bodies called Stars. About 1000 
may usually be seen. Those Stars which retain the same relation to 
each other, are called Fixed Stars. The Stars are at a great distance 
from us, and are considered as Suns to other systems. 

The revolution of the Earth round the Sun, is called 
its annual revolution, and this in connexion with the ob¬ 
liquity of the ecliptic, causes the four seasons. The 
Earth also turns on its axis, every 24 hours. This mo¬ 
tion is called its diurnal rotation, and causes day and 
night. 

What are the satellites? How many has the Earth,&c ? 

How many Stars may usually be seen ? What are the fixed Stars ? 
What are the Stars supposed to be ? 

What is said of the revolution of the Earth round the Sun ? 

How often does the Earth turn on its axis ? 

What is its motion on its axis called, and what does it cause ? 



















116 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


THE FOUR SEASONS. 

There are four seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn and 
Winter. The different seasons are caused by the differ¬ 
ent manner in which the Sun shines upon the Earth. It 
will be perceived by the illustration of the following fig¬ 
ure, that the length of day and night to all places north 
of the Equator, is reversed to all places south of the 
Equator in the same degrees of latitude, at the same 
season of the year. 



Sun; and E, E, E, E, represent the Earth at the four 
seasons of the year. 

In the figures E, E, E, E, a , a, represent the Earth’s 
axis; p , c, the polar circles; t } c, the tropics, and E the 
Equator. 

If the axis of the Earth were perpendicular to the 
plane of its orbit, the Sun, it is evident, would shine twelve 
hours upon one side of the Earth, from pole to pole, and 
then twelve hours upon the other side, in regular suc¬ 
cession, leaving the opposite side in darkness. But the 
axis of the Earth, it will be seen by reference to a, a, in 
the figure, is inclined about twenty-three and a half de- 





MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


117 


grees, and this is the cause of the variation in the length 
of the days and nights, and of the change of seasons. 

On the 21st of June, when the earth is at A, H, in its 
orbit, it will be seen, that by the inclination of its axis, 
the whole of the northern polar region is continually in 
the light of the Sun, and that more than half of the 
Earth’s surface north of the Equator, is enlightened. 
Hence, on the 21st. of June, in all places north of the 
Equator, the days are longer than the nights, and in all 
places south of the Equator, they are shorter. Hence 
also, within the arctic circle, it is uninterrupted day, the 
Sun shining all the time, and within the antarctic it is 
uninterrupted night, the Sun not shining at all. 

On the 21st of September, the Earth is advanced in 
its orbit to B, C, and its axis is neither inclined to, nor 
from the Sun, but is sideways, and of course one half of 
the Earth, from pole to pole, is enlightened, and the 
other half is in darkness, alternately; as would be the 
case, if its axis were perpendicular to the plane of its 
orbit, and it is this which causes the days and nights of 
this season of the year, to be of equal length. 

On the 21st of December, the earth has progressed in 
its orbit, to D, E, which causes the whole space within 
the northern polar circle, to be continually in darkness, 
and more of that part of the Earth north of the Equator 
to be in the shade than in the light of the Sun. Hence, 
on the 21st of December, at all places north of the Equa¬ 
tor, the days are shorter than the nights, and at all pla¬ 
ces, south of the Equator, the days are longer than the 
nights. Hence, also, within the arctic circle, it is unin¬ 
terrupted night, the Sun not shining at all, and within 
the antarctic circle, it is uninterrupted day, the Sun shin¬ 
ing all the time. 

On the 21st of March the Earth has advanced still 
further, and is at F, G, which causes its axis and the 
length of the days and nights to be the same as on the 
21st of September. 

DAY AND NIGHT. 

Day and night are caused by the rotation of the Earth 
on its axis every 24 hours. It is day to that side of the 


118 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


Earth which is towards the Sun, and night to the oppo¬ 
site side. The length of the days is in proportion to the 
inclination of the axis of the Earth towards the Sun. It 
may be seen by the above figure, that in summer, the axis 
is most inclined towards the Sun and then the days are 
the longest. As the axis becomes less inclined, the days 
shorten, till it is inclined 231° from the Sun, on the 21st 
December, when the days are the shortest. Thus, as 
the Earth progresses in its orbit, after the days are the 
shortest, it changes its inclination towards the Sun, till 
it is again inclined as in the longest days in the summer. 

What are the four seasons ? How are they caused ? 

How does the length of days and nights to places north of the 
Equator, compare with those of the same degrees of latitude 
south of the Equator ? 

What in the figure represents the Sun ? The Earth’s orbit i 
The Earth at the four seasons? What in the figures represent 
The Earth’s axis ? Polar circles ? Tropics ? Equator ? 

If the axis of the Earth were perpendicular to the plane of its 
orbit, how would the Sun shine? How much is the axis of 
the Earth inclined,and what does this inclination cause? 

How does the inclination of the Earth’s axis on the 21st of June 
affect the northern polar region, and the part of the Earth 
north of the Equator? 

Which, at this time, north of the Equator, are the longest, the days 
or nights? and which, south of the Equator? Where, at this 
season, is it continual day? Where continual night? 

How is the Earth’s axis on the 21st of September? 

How are the length of days and nights at this season ? 

How has the progress of the Earth in its orbit on the 21st of Dec. 
affected the shade within the northern polar circle, and that 
part of the Earth north of the Equator? and which at this time 
are the longest, the days or nights, north of the Equator? 
Which south? Where is it continual night? Where con¬ 
tinual day? 

What is the length of days and nights on the 21st of March ? 

How are day and night caused ? 

To what is the length of the days proportioned? 

When is the axis most inclined towards the Sun? 

How is the axis inclined when the days are the shortest ? 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


119 


TIDES. 

Tides are the regular rising and falling of the water, 
of the ocean twice in about 25 hours. They are occa¬ 
sioned by the attraction of the Moon; but are affected 
by that of the Sun also. 



Let M, in the above figure, be the Moon revolving in 
its orbit; E, the Earth covered with water. The Moon, 
attracting the Earth, affects the solid parts of it as if its 
whole weight were in a point at or near the centre E. 
But the waters at A being nearer the Moon than the 
point E, they are more strongly attracted than the 
Earth, at E, and are consequently drawn away from the 
earth and raised up under the Moon at A. The waters, 
on the opposite side at B, being further from the moon, 
than the Earth at E, are consequently less powerfully at¬ 
tracted than the Earth, which is drawn from them, and 
they are raised at B. When the waters are raised at A 
and B, it is plain they must recede from the intermediate 
points C and D. 

Thus, any particular place as A, while passing from 
under the Moon till it comes under the Moon again has 
two tides. But the Moon is constantly advancing in its 
orbit so that the Earth must a little more than complete 
its rotation before the place A comes under the Moon. 
This causes high water at any place about 50 minutes 
later each successive day. 

As the Moon’s orbit varies but little from the ecliptic, 
the Moon is never more than 29° from the Equator, and 
is generally much less. Hence the waters about the 
Equator being nearer the Moon, are more strongly at¬ 
tracted, and the tides are higher than towards the poles. 

The Sun attracts the waters as well as the Moon. 
When the Moon is at full or change, being in the same 
line of direction, it acts with the Sun; that is, the Sun 
and Moon tend to raise the tides at the same place, as 




120 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


seen in the above figure. The tides are then very high, 
and are called spring tides. But when the Moon is in 
its quarters, the Sun and Moon being in opposite direc¬ 
tions, tend to raise tides at different places, viz. the 
Moon at C and D, and the Sun at A and B, as in the 
following figure. Tides, when the Moon is in its quar¬ 
ters, are low, and are called neap tides. 



ECLIPSES. 

When the Moon passes between the Sun and the 
Earth, she intercepts his rays, and casts a shadow on the 
earth; the Sun is then eclipsed , while the Moon’s shad¬ 
ow is passing over us, as seen in the following figure. 



When the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, it 
intercepts the Sun’s rays, and casts a shadow on the 
Moon; the Moon then disappears from our view, or is 
eclipsed. The following figure repesents a total eclipse 
of the Moon. 



What are the tides ? How are they occasioned ? 

How can you explain the attraction of the Moon in producing tides 
by the figure ? How does the Sun affect the tides ? 

When is the Sun eclipsed? When the Moon? 






MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


121 


TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 

The brazen meridian is a brass circle, in which the 
globe revolves. It is divided into 360 equal parts, called 
degrees. The degrees in the upper part are numbered 
from the Equator towards the poles, and are used for de¬ 
termining the latitude; those in the lower part are num¬ 
bered from the poles towards the Equator, and are used 
forelevating the poles. 

The wooden horizon contains on its surface circles ex¬ 
hibiting a calendar of the months and days of the year; 
the signs of the ecliptic; the points of the mariners’ com¬ 
pass; and the degrees of amplitude, numbered from the 
east and west points towards the poles. 

The hour circle is a brass circle engraved like the dial 
of a watch, and fixed round the north pole, by means of 
which the globe can be rectified to any point of time. 

The zodiac is a space in the heavens sixteen degrees 
broad, eight on each side of the ecliptic, and contains 
those twelve constellations or clusters of Stars, which 
are called the twelve signs. Each of these is divided 
into thirty degrees. The twelve signs, with their rep¬ 
resentative characters, are as follow:— 


1. 

Aries 

r 

7. Libra 

=Gr 

2. 

Taurus 

8 

8. Scorpio 


3. 

Gemini 

n 

9. Sagittarius 

t 

4. 

Cancer 

n> 

10. Capricornus 

tp 

5. 

Leo 

SI 

11. Aquarius 

zz 

6. 

Virgo 

TTJ> 

12. Pisces 

X 


The equinoctial 'points are Aries and Libra, where the 
ecliptic cuts the Equator. Aries is termed the vernal 
equinox; Libra the autumnal equinox. 

The solstitial points are Cancer and Capricorn. The 
summer solstice is when the sun enters Cancer; the 
winter, when it enters Capricorn 

The zenith is that point in the heavens which is directly 
over one’s head 

L 



122 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


The nadir is that point directly opposite the zenith, 
or under one’s feet. 

QUESTIONS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 

What is the brazen meridian? 

Into how many degrees is it divided ? 

How are the degrees numbered in the upper part? 

For what purpose are these degrees ? 

For what purpose are the degrees on the lower side ? 

How are they numbered? 

What does the wooden horizon contain on its surface ? 

What is the hour circle of a globe? For what purpose is it? 

What is the zodiac? Into how many parts is each sign divided ? 
What are the names of the signs of the zodiac ? 

What are the solstitial points ? 

What is the summer solstice ? The winter ? 

What are the equinoctial points ? 

What is Aries termed ? Libra? 

What is the zenith of a place ? The nadir ? 

i * r 

PROBLEMS. - 

To find the latitude of any place. 

Turn the globe, till the given place lies under the 
graduated edge of the brazen meridian; and the degree 
on the meridian is the latitude of the place. 

How can the latitude of a place be found ? 

What is the latitude of London ? Of Ispahan ? Of Cape Hum ? 

Of Madras ? Of the Cape of Good Hope ? 

Of Archangel ? Of Rio Janeiro ? 

To find the longitude of a place. 

Bring the place to the brazen meridian, and the degree 
on the Equator shows the longitude from London 

How is the longitude of a place found ? 

What is the longitude of Pekin ? Of Constantinople ? 

Of Calcutta? Of Vienna? Of Lisbon? 

Of New Orleans ? Of Quebec ? 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


123 


3. The longitude and latitude of any place being given, to 
find that place. 

Look for the longitude on the Equator, and bring it to 
the brazen meridian; then under the given degree of 
latitude will be the place required. 

How is a place found, when the latitude and longitude are given ? 
What place is 30° 17' east longitude and 31° 11 north latitude ? 
What one 130° west longitude and 25° south latitude ? 

What one 113° 2 east longitude and 23° 8' north latitude ? 

What one 79° 50 west longitude and 33° 22' north latitude ? 

What one 76° 50' west longitude and 12° south latitude ? 

What one 78° west longitude, but has no latitude ? 

4. To find the difference of latitude of any two places. 

If the places are in the same hemisphere, bring each 

to the meridian, and subtract the latitude of the one from 
that of the other—if they are in different hemispheres, 
add the latitude of the one to that of the other. 

How is the difference of latitude of two places to be found ? 

What is the difference of latitude between London and Madras ? 
Between Lima and Philadelphia ? 

Between Canton and Rio Janeiro? Between Canton and Pekin? 
Between Cape Farewell and Cape Horn? 

5. To find the difference of longitude of any two places. 

Bring one of the places to the brazen meridian, and 
mark its longitude; then bring the other place to the 
meridian, and the number of degrees between its longi¬ 
tude and the first mark, is the difference of longitude. 

How is the difference of longitude between two places to be found ? 
What is the difference of longitude between Cairo and Calcutta ? 
Between Nankin and Warsaw? Constantinople and Boston? 
Between Lisbon and Ispahan ? Madrid and Cairo ? 

Between Gibraltar and Boston? Washington and Paris? 

6. The hour of any place being given , to find the hour 
it is at any other place. 

Bring the place where the hour is given, to the me¬ 
ridian, and set the hour circle to the given hour; then 


I 




124 MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

turn the globe about, and when the other place comes to 
the meridian, the hour circle will show the hour of the 
day at that place. 

The hour of any place being given, how is the hour of any other 
place found ? 

When it is twelve o’clock at noon in London, what time is it in 
Boston ? In Canton ? In Moscow ? In Mexico ? 

7. To find all the 'places which have the same longitude as 

any given place. 

Bring the given place to the meridian, then all the pla¬ 
ces, which lie under the meridian, have the same longi¬ 
tude; and turning the globe round its axis, all the places, 
which pass under the same degree of the meridian, have 
the same latitude. 

How can all the places be found which have the same longitude ? 
How can those be found which have the same latitude ? 

What places have the longitude of Quebec ? 

Of Archangel? Of Warsaw? 

What places have the latitude of Canton ? Of Pekin ? 

8. To find the Sun's place in the ecliptic for any given day. 
Find the day of the month in the calendar on the hori¬ 
zon, and in the adjoining circle is the Sun’s place; then 
find the same sign and degree in the ecliptic on the globe, 
and it is the Sun’s place for that day at noon. 

How is the Sun’s place in the ecliptic found ? 

How is the Sun’s declination found ? 

What will be the Sun’s declination on the 27th of October ? 

On the 21st of December ? On the 10th of May ? 

On the 21st of June ? On the 6th of August ? 

9. To find the Sun's declination. 

Bring the Sun’s place in the ecliptic to the meridian, 
and the degree over it is the declination required. 

How can the Sun’s declination be found ? 

10. To rectify the globe for any given place. 
Elevate the pole so many degrees above the horizon as 
are equal to the latitude of the place; find the Sun’s place, 
and bring it to the meridian; set XII. of the hour circle to 


MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


125 


the graduated edge of the meridian; and place the globe 
north and south. It will then be rectified. If the place 
be in north latitude, elevate the north pole; if south lat¬ 
itude, elevate the south pole. 

How is the globe rectified to a place ? 

1 1 . To find the hour the Sun rises and sets any day in the year. 
Rectify the globe for the latitude and Sun’s place, and 

turn the Sun’s place to the eastern edge of the horizon, 
and the index will point to the hour of rising—then bring 
it to the western edge of the horizon, and the index will 
show the time of setting. 

How can we find the time of the Sun’s rising and setting at any 
given place ? 

At what time does the Sun rise and set at Petersburg, on the 10th 
of April ? At Paris on the 12th of July ? At New Orleans on 
the 20th of January? At Archangel, on the 18th of June? 

12. To find the length of the day and night at any time of 

the year. 

Double the time of the Sun’s rising, which gives the 
length of the night—double the time of his setting, which 
gives the length of the day. 

How can the length of the days and nights be found for any 
given place ? 

How long is the 25th of May at London ? How long is the night ? 
How long is the day and the night on the 22d of April at Madrid ? 

At Batavia ? At Mexico ? At New York ? At Quebec ? 

13. To find those places, to which the Sun is vertical , on 

any given day. 

Bring the Sun’s place for the given day to the merid¬ 
ian, and observe the degree of its declination; then turn 
the globe about, and all those places which pass under 
the degree of the meridian, are those required. 

How can the places be found on which the Sun is vertical on any 
given day ? 

Where is the Sun vertical on the 25th of June ? 

On the 11th of July ? On the 16th of August ? 

L2 







PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


OCEAN. 



The ocean surrounds the earth on all sides, and pene¬ 
trates into the interior parts of different countries; some¬ 
times by large openings, and frequently by small straits. 
Could the eye take in this immense sheet of waters atone 
view, it would appear the most august object under the 
whole heavens. It occupies a space on the surface of 
the globe at least three times greater than that which is 
occupied by the land; comprehending an extent of 143 
millions of square miles. The ocean is the great reser¬ 
voir of moisture to our globe. By means of the immense 
exhalations from its surface, the atmosphere is supplied 
with those accumulated vapors, which becoming too 
heavy for it to sustain, fall to the earth in the form of 
rain, snow and hail. 

To show the amazing extent of evaporation from the 
ocean, the following calculation is introduced. It is 
found that, from the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, 
which contains 762,000 square miles, there are drawn up 
into the air, every day, by evaporation, 5280 millions of 
tons of water, while the rivers which flow into it yield 
only 1827 millions of tons in the same time; so that there 
is raised in vapor from the Mediterranean nearly three 
times the quantity of water which is poured into it by all 
its rivers. 

The water of the ocean is well known to be salt; but 
the cause of its saltness has never been satisfactorily as¬ 
certained, though the inquiry respecting it has attracted 
the attention of philosophers from ancient times. 

The degree of saltness is greatest near the equator, 
and it diminishes towards the poles. 

The waters of the ocean have a continual tendency to 
flow towards the west, which is much greater near the 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


127 


equator than towards the poles. This movement begins 
on the west side of America, where it is moderate; but 
as the waters advance westward, their motion is accele¬ 
rated; and, after having traversed the globe, they strike 
against the eastern shore of America. Being stopped by 
this continent, they rush with impetuosity, into the Gulf 
of Mexico, where they take the name of the Gulf Stream; 
thence they proceed along the coast of North America, 
till they come to the south end of the great Bank ofNew- 
foundland, when they turn oft’and run down towards the 
coast of Africa. This motion is most probably owing to 
the rotation of the earth on its axis, from west to east, 
which produces a contrary motion of the sea, from east 
to west, and also to the trade winds, which blow from east 
to west in the equatorial regions throughout nearly the 
whole circumference of the globe. 

What is said of the ocean ? 

What is said of the extent of the ocean ? How large a space does 
the ocean occupy ? 

How much water is drawn up daily from the Mediterranean Sea ? 
How much water flows into it in the same time from the rivers ? 

Is it known what makes the water of the sea salt ? 

Where is its saltness the greatest ? 

Which way do the waters of the sea have a tendency ? 

What are these waters called after they reach the Gulf of Mexico ? 
What is thought to be the cause of this motion ? 


ATMOSPHERE. 

The atmosphere, or common air, is an invisible, elas¬ 
tic fluid, which surrounds the earth, and which is essen¬ 
tial to the maintenance both of animal and vegetable life. 

It is formed of two substances in very unequal propor¬ 
tions; namely, oxygen gas, or pure air, of which it con¬ 
tains 27 parts or hundredths, and n i trogen gas or impure 
air, of which it contains 73 parts. 

It is found by experiment to be 840 times lighter than 
water. The height of the atmosphere is supposed to be 
about 45 miles. 


128 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


The weight of a column of air of the height of the at¬ 
mosphere is known to be equal to a column of water of 
the same size, 32 feet high, since that is the height to 
which water will rise in a vacuum, under the pressure of 
the atmosphere. On the surface of the earth this pres¬ 
sure is 15 pounds, upon every square inch. A person of 
common stature is supposed to sustain 14 tons, when the 
air is the heaviest. 

What is the atmosphere ? Of what two substances is it formed ? 
How many parts of each kind P How much lighter is it than wa¬ 
ter ? How high does it extend ? How great a pressure upon 
every square inch ? What weight of air is a person of common 
stature supposed to sustain ? 


WINDS. 

Wind is air put in motion. When its velocity is only 
at the rate of 2 miles an hour, it is but just perceptible; 
at 4 miles an hour, it is a gentle breeze; at 30, a high 
wind; at 50, a tempest; and at 100, a violent hurricane. 

On a great part of the globe, the winds are subject to 
great irregularities; but between the tropics they are 
governed by regular laws, and in particular tracts and 
seasons, blow almost invariably in the same direction. 

The Trade-ivinds are remarkable currents which blow 
from east to west, in the equatorial regions, throughout 
nearly the whole circumference of the globe. They are 
called trade-winds because they facilitate trading voyages. 

The prevalence of these easterly currents is supposed 
to be owing to the rotation of the earth on its axis from 
west to east, and to the Sun’s heat rarefying the air within 
the tropics. 

The Sun in moving over the equatorial regions from 
east to west, rarefies the air as it passes, which causes 
the denser eastern air to flow westward; and still farther 
to restore the equilibrium, a current of air rushes in from 
the north, and another from the south upon the rarefied 
tropical atmosphere, and these winds meeting the con¬ 
stant east wind, produce a regular trade-wind, which to 
the north of the Equator blows from the northeast, and 
south of the Equator from the southeast. 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


129 


The monsoons form a deviation from the trade-winds, 
and prevail chiefly in the Indian Ocean. During one 
half of the year, from April to October, a strong wind, 
or monsoon, blows from the southwest; during the other 
half of the year, from the northeast. 

Sea and land-breezes . These are gentle winds which 
generally blow during the day from the sea to the land, 
and during the night from the land to the sea. The air 
becoming more rarefied over the land during the day, 
the denser air from the sea rushes in to restore the 
equilibrium, and towards the morning the air becoming 
more condensed on the land, it flows back again to the 
sea. 

The quality of wind is affected by the countries over 
which it passes; and it is sometimes rendered pestilen¬ 
tial by the heat of deserts, or the putrid exhalations of 
marshes and lakes. Thus, from the deserts of Africa, 
Arabia, and the neighboring countries, a hot wind blows, 
called Samiel or Simoom, which sometimes produces 
instant death. This wind reaches Italy in a modified 
condition, and is there styled the Sirocco. A similar 
wind blows from the Sahara, upon the western coast of 
Africa, called the Ilarmattan , producing a dryness and 
heat which is almost insupportable, and scorching like 
the blasts of a furnace. 

What is wind ? What is said of its different degrees of velocity ? 
Are the winds generally regular ? How are they in the tropics ? 
What are the trade-winds ? Why are they called trade-winds ? 

How are they caused ? How do these winds blow ? 

How does the Sun rarefy the air to produce these winds ? 

How do they blow north of the Equator ? How on the south ? 

How is the quality of wind affected ? 

What is said of the wind that comes from the deserts of Africa and 

Arabia ? What is this wind called in Italy ? 

What wind blows from the desert of Sahara ? 

CLOUDS, RAIN, SNOW, and HAIL. 

Clouds are a collection of misty vapors suspended in 
the air. Their various colors and appearances are 


130 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


owing to their particular situation in regard to the Sun, 
to the different reflections of the Sun’s rays, and to the 
effects produced on them by the wind. 

Rain. Clouds condensed into drops, by the influence 
of cohesive attraction, fall by their own weight. The 
quantity of rain is most abundant within the tropics, and 
it decreases in proportion to the distance from the Equa¬ 
tor towards the poles. 

Hail. Clouds condensed into drops, and then cogeal- 
ed by cold, produce hail. 

Snow. Different particles of clouds touching each 
other, and freezing without being condensed into drops, 
produce snow. 

What are clouds ? To what are their various colors owing P 
What is rain ? Where are the most frequent rains ? 

What is hail ? Snow ? 


RIVERS. -a 

The water which descends from the atmosphere in the 
form of rain, hail and snow, gives rise to springs, brooks, 
rivers, and lakes. Rivers for the most part have their 
origin in mountainous countries. Some of the largest 
rivers in the world originate in the Alps, the Rocky, the 
Andes and the Himmaleh mountains. 

How are rivers, brooks, and lakes formed ? 

Where do rivers generally have their origin ? 

In what mountains do some of the largest rivers in the world rise ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

Mountains are distributed in various sizes, through 
every portion of the continents and islands; and, running 
into immense chains, form a sort of connecting band to 
the other portion of the earth’s surface. 

VOLCANOES. 

Mountains having caverns, to an immeasurable depth 
into the earth, are called volcanoes. From these dread- 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


131 


ful openings, are frequently thrown up, to an immense 
height, volumes of fire and smoke, rivers of melted met¬ 
als, clouds of ashes and cinders, and red-hot stones, 
to the distance of several miles, producing the most 
terrible devastations through all the surrounding dis¬ 
tricts. They are accompanied with thunders, lightnings, 
darkness, and horrid subterraneous sounds. The most 
noted mountains of this kind in Europe, are mount Hecla, 
in Iceland; Etna, in Sicily; and Vesuvius, near the 
city of Naples, in Italy. 

What is said of mountains ? What are volcanoes ? 

What is said of the eruptions of volcanoes ? 

What are the most noted volcanoes ? 

EARTHQUAKES. 

Earthquakes occur most frequently in volcanic coun¬ 
tries, and are supposed to be occasioned by subterranean 
fires. 

They often cause a violent tremor of the earth, the 
overthrow of objects on its surface, the rushing of the 
sea, and the overwhelming of cities. Lisbon, Messina, 
and Catania, in Europe, and several cities in South 
America, have, at different times, been nearly destroyed. 

Where do earthquakes most frequently occur ? 

What is the cause of them ? What are the effects of earthquakes ? 

In what places have they happened ? 

METALS and MINERALS. 

The most important metals, are gold, silver, iron, cop¬ 
per, lead and mercury. 

Gold is found in a pure state, at the foot of mountains, 
from which it is washed down by the rivers. It is found 
in all quarters of the world, but most abundantly in South 
America. 

Silver is generally found in veins, but is seldom in a 
pure state. Nine tenths of the silver of the world comes 
from Mexico and South America. 

Iron, the most useful of all metals, is found in great 
abundance. The most productive iron mines are in 
Great Britain, France, Russia, and Sweden. 


132 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


Copper is also extensively distributed in different coun¬ 
tries. The most abundant mines are in Cornwall in 
England; Chili, in South America; and Siberia. 

Lead. The most productive mines are in the country 
bordering on the Mississippi, and in great Britain. 

Tin is found in great abundance in Cornwall in En¬ 
gland, and the island of Banca in the East Indies. 

Mercury, or quich-silver, is found in Austria, Spain, and 
Peru. 

Two of the most important mineral substances are 
fossil coal, and common salt. 

Coal is a most valuable species of fuel, and is found in 
inexhaustible quantities in various countries; but the 
most celebrated coal mines are in England. 

Salt, which is widely diffused, is obtained from salt 
mines, or by boiling or evaporating water of the ocean. 

The diamond is the most valued of all precious stones, 
and is found chiefly in Hindostan and Brazil. 

What are the most important metals ? Where is gold found ? 

In what state is silver found? From what country does most of 
the silver come ? 

What is said of iron, and where is it found? 

In what countries are the most abundant copper mines ? 

Where the most productive mines of lead ? 

In what two places is tin found in great abundance ? 

In what countries is quick-silver found ? 

What are the most important mineral substances ? 

What is said of coal ? How is salt procured ? 

What is the most valuable mineral ? Where is it found ? 


VEGETABLES and ANIMALS. 

Vegetables. The torrid zone displays the most luxuri¬ 
ant vegetation; but the temperate zone produces,in the 
greatest abundance, those commodities, which are most 
useful to man. In the frigid zone nature assumes a 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


133 


gloomy and severe aspect, and towards the poles, vegeta¬ 
tion entirely fails. The whole number of plants actually 
known, according to Humboldt, is 44,000. 

Animals. The torrid zone teems with the same lux¬ 
uriance of animal as of vegetable life. The elephant, 
the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, the lion, the tiger, the 
leopard, the panther, and the hyaena, extend little be¬ 
yond the torrid zone. But some of the most useful ani¬ 
mals thrive in all the zones, viz. the ox, the sheep, the 
hog, the goat, the horse, &c. 

In what zone is vegetation the most luxuriant ? 

Where are the most useful commodities produced ? 

What is said of vegetation in the frigid zone i 
What is the whole number of plants ? 

What animals are peculiar to the torrid zone ? 

What animals are the most useful, and where do they thrive ? 


MAN. 

Man is at the head of the animal creation, and forms 
only one species. With regard to complexion, the hu¬ 
man species consists of two great classes, the white and 
the black; but they are divided, by physiologists, into 
the five following races: 

1st. The White Race, which includes nearly all the 
Europeans, Americans, Circassians, Georgians, Arabi¬ 
ans, Turks, Persians, and Hindoos. 2dly. The Mongo¬ 
lian, Tawny, or Olive Race, which embrace the Monguls , 
Chinese, and the other inhabitants of the eastern and 
southern parts of Asia, except the Malays. 3dly. The 
Malay or dark brown race, found in the peninsula of 
Malacca, the Asiatic Islands, and the islands of the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean. 4thly. The Ethiopian Negro, or black race, 
which comprises the African Negroes, the Hottentots, 
Caffres, and the Papuans, or Negroes of Australia. 
5thly. The American, or copper-colored race, consisting 
of the American Indians. 

What is said of man as an animal ? 

What are the two great classes of the human family ? 

Into how many races are they divided ? 

What is the first ? The second, &c. ? 

M 


134 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


COMPARATIVE LENGTH OF RIVERS. 


EASTERN CONTINENT. 


WESTERN CONTINENT. 



4100 

4000 

3900 

3800 

3700 

3G00 

3500 

3400 

3300 

3200 

3100 

3000 

2900 

2800 

2700 

2600 

2500 

2400 

2300 

2200 

2100 

2000 

1900 

1800 

1700 

1600 

1500 

1400 

1300 

1200 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


135 


COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS. 


EASTERN CONTINENT. 


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r 






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19000 

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17000 

16000 

15000 

14000 

13000 

12000 

11000 

10000 

9000 

8000 

7000 

6000 

5000 

4000 

3000 

2000 

1000 


WESTERN CONTINENT. 


Level 
of the 
Sea. 
























































CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


HUMAN SOCIETY. 

Man exist3 either in a savage, barbarous, or civilized state. 

Ill the savage state, he subsists by hunting, fishing, 
and the spontaneous productions of the earth. This 
state presents the most degraded view of human nature. 
The natives of New Holland, and some of the neighbor¬ 
ing islands and most of the African negroes, and Ameri¬ 
can Indians, are found in this condition. 

The barbarous state is an advance towards civili¬ 
sation, as mankind in this state associate in greater 
numbers, are more stationary in their residence, have 
flocks and herds, partially cultivate the earth, and have 
made some progress in the arts. In this condition, are 
the inhabitants of the northern part of Africa, Arabia, 
many of the islands of the Indian Ocean, and the central 
and northern parts of Asia. 

The inhabitants of China, Hindostan, Persia, and 
Turkey may be regarded as half-civilized. They attend 
much to agriculture, and many kinds of manufactures are 
carried to a high degree of excellence. 

The civilized state is the most improved form of human 
society, and exists throughout the most of Europe, the 
United States, and some other parts of America. 

Men in a state of civilized society, are associated in 
greater or less numbers, and exist under various forms of 
government. 

In what three states does man exist ? 

How does man subsist in the savage state ? 

What countries are in this condition ? 

What is said of the barbarous state ? 

Who are in this condition ? 

What nations are half civilized ? 

What is the most improved form of human society ? 

How do men associate in civilized society ? 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


137 


The following general view will exhibit the most interesting facts, 
in relation to the political condition of some of the most important 
nations in the world. 


UNITED STATES. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The government of the United States is a federal repub¬ 
lic. Each separate state is also a republic, possessed of 
sovereign power for all purposes of local administration, 
but subject to the government of the Union, in all matters 
which concern the general welfare, and relate to the pub¬ 
lic defence, to matters of war and peace, to the regulation 
of trade, and the raising of a revenue for national purposes. 

The powers of the general government are defined in 
the national constitution. 

The powers of the executive department are vested in 
a President, who, with the Vice President, is elected 
once in four years, by electors appointed for the purpose 
by the several states. He is commander in chief of the 
army and navy; has the power of appointment, with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, of all officers, civil 
and military; and has a qualified veto on all the acts of 
the legislative department. 

To him it belongs to execute the laws by the agency of 
such officers as are appointed for the purpose; to appoint 
foreign ministers; to hold a friendly intercourse with 
foreign governments, and to represent the sovereignty 
of the nation. He is assisted in the discharge of these 
duties by four Cabinet Ministers, viz.: the Secretaries 
of the Departments of State, Treasury, War, and Navy. 

The legislative power is vested in a Congress, consist¬ 
ing of a Senate and House of Representatives. 

The Senate consists of two members from each state, 
elected by the legislature for six years. 

The House of Representatives consists of members chosen 
for two years, by the people of the several states. One 
representative is chosen for every 47,700 inhabitants. 
In the slave holding states, five slaves count the same as 
three freemen. 

The judiciary is the authority which dispenses justice, 
and expounds the laws, and is independent of the legisla- 


138 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


ture: the judges hold their office during good behavior. 
The Supreme Court is composed of seven judges. 

RELIGION. 

The constitution leaves every individual to the free 
exercise of his own religion. The inhabitants are divi¬ 
ded into a great variety of sects, the principal are Con- 

f regationalists, Presbyterians, German Lutherans, 
Ipiscopalians, Baptists, Methodists, Universalists, 
Quakers, and Roman Catholics. 

FINANCES. 

The revenue of the United States is derived principally 
from duties on foreign merchandise. These duties pro¬ 
duce a revenue of about twenty-one millions of dollars 
annually. 

ARMY. 

The military peace establishment consists of fourreg 
iments of artillery, and seven of infantry, amounting to 
6,000 men. 

NAVY. 

The navy consists of twelve ships of the line, sixteen 
frigates, fifteen sloops of war, and seven schooners. 

What is the government of the United States ? 

What power does each State government possess ? 

What matters belong to the government of the Union ? 

Where are the powers of the General Government defined ? 

In whom is the Executive power vested ? 

How is the President chosen ? 

What are his duties ? 

By whom is he assisted ? 

In whom is the Legislative power vested ? 

Of whom do the Senate consist ? House of Representatives ? 

What is the Judiciary power ? 

What are the principal religious sects in the United States? 

From what is the revenue of the United States principally derived? 
To how much do the duties on foreign goods amount ? 

Of what does the army consist ? The navy ? 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


139 


COMMERCE. 

The United States are second to Great Britain alone 
in the extent of their commerce. The American tonnage 
employed in the foreign and coasting trade, and fisheries, 
is but little short of 2,000 000 of tons. 


EXTORTS. 

The principal exports of the United States are as follow, viz. 

Cotton, the produce of the southern and southwestern states, prin¬ 
cipally to England and France; also to Holland and Germany. 

Tobacco, the produce of Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and 
Ohio, principally to England, Holland, and France; also, to Ger¬ 
many, the Mediterranean, and West Indies. 

Flour, the produce of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary¬ 
land, Virginia, and Ohio, principally to the West Indies, and South 
America; also to England, France, British North American colonies, 
Gibralter, &c. 

Rice, the produce of South Carolina and Georgia, to England, 
Holland, France, Germany, Mediterranean, West Indies, &c. 

Pot and pearl ashes, the produce of New England, Middle and 
Western States, to England, France, and Canada. 

JVaral stores, the produce of North Carolina, mostly to England. 

Flax seed, the produce of the New England and Middle States, 
principally to Ireland. 

Beef, pork, lard, butter and cheese, the produce of New England, 
Middie and Western States, to the West indies and South America. 

Lumber, to the West Indies, Canada and South America. 

Fish, from Massachusetts and Maine, to the West Indies, South 
America, Spain, and Italy. 

Cotton goods, shoes, hats, chairs, and cabinet tcare, soap, candles , 
fyc. manufactured in New England and the Middle States, to the 
West Indies, and South America. 


IMPORTS. 

The principal imports of the United States are the following 
articles, viz. 

Cotton and woollen goods, from Great Britain, France, Germany, 
Holland and Belgium. 

Silk goods, from France, England, China, Italy, and India. 

Linen goods, from Ireland, Holland, Germany, and Russia. 

Hard ware, and all manufactures of iron and steel, principally from 
England. 

Crockery ware, from England. 


/. 


140 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


China and glass ware, watches, clocks, jewelry, and fancy articles , 
from England, France, and Germany. 

Iron, from England, Russia, and Sweden. 

Steel, from England, Germany, and Sweden. 

Copper, from England and Chili. 

Tin, from England and the East Indies. 

Wine, from France, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Madeira, Teneriffe. 
Brandy, from France. 

Gin, from Holland. 

Rum, from the West Indies. 

Sugar, from the West and East Indies, and Brazil. 

Molasses, from the West Indies. 

Coffee, from the East and West Indies, Brazil, and Mocha. 

Dye woods and dye stuffs, from West, and East Indies, South 
America, and Holland. 

Tea, from China. 

Spices, from the East Indies. 

Drugs, from England, East Indies, and Turkey. 

Hemp, from Russia, Italy, East Indies, and Mexico. 

Wool, from England, Germany, and Turkey. 

Hides, from South America, East Indies, Africa, and Russia. 

Salt, from England, Portugal, France, Bahama Islands, &c. 

Coal, from England and Nova Scotia. 

Dried fruit, from France, Spain, and Turkey. 

Gold, and silver, in bullion and coin, from Mexico and South 
America. 

What is said of the commerce of the United States ? 

What is the whole amount of American tonnage ? 

Where is cotton produced, and to what place is it exported ? 

Tobacco ? Flour ? &c. ? 

From what places are cotton and woollen goods imported ? Silk 
goods ? &c. ? 


AGRICULTURE. 

This branch of industry, so important in all countries, 
especially so in the United States, employs much the lar¬ 
gest portion of the inhabitants. The staple products of 
New England are beef, pork, butter, and cheese; of the 
Middle and Western States, wheat; and of the Southern 
and South Western States, cotton, tobacco, rice, and 
sugar. 


MANUFACTURES. 

During the time that these States were colonies of Great 
Britain, it was the policy of the mother country to supply 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


141 


them with almost every article of manufacture; and 
even after their independence, they were, for a long 
time, principally engaged in agriculture and commerce, 
and depended on foreign countries for their manufactur¬ 
ed articles. But within the last 20 years, owing to the 
depression of agriculture, and the comparative unprofit¬ 
ableness of commerce, this branch has greatly extended, 
and the United States now supply, from their own indus¬ 
try, the greater part of the manufactured articles which 
they require. The Eastern and Middle States are the 
most extensively engaged in manufactures; of which the 
most important are cotton and woollen goods, leather, 
hats, paper, iron, &c. &c. 

What branch of industry employs the most inhabitants in the 
United States? 

What are the products of New England ? 

Of the Middle and Western States ? 

Of the Southern and Southwestern ? 

What is said of manufactures ? 

What states are most extensively engaged in them ? 


BRITISH EMPIRE. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The government of the British Empire is a limited 
monarchy. The title of the sovereign, is King of the Uni¬ 
ted Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. On the death 
of the king, he is succeeded by his eldest son, or by his 
eldest daughter, if he have no son; and, if he have no 
children, by the children of his father in the same order. 

The Parliament is a legislative body, consisting of 
two branches; the House of Lords, and the House of 
Commons. The House of Lords consists of peers of the 
realm, and the archbishops and bishops. 

The House of Commons consists of 658 members, part 
of whom are elected by the electors of counties, part by 
cities and boroughs, and two members by each of the an¬ 
cient universities. They hold their seats seven years, 


142 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


unless the Parliament is sooner dissolved by the King, 
when a new election is necessary. 

RELIGION. 

The Episcopal is the Established Church, of which 
the King is the nominal head, and in which there are 
two archbishops, and 24 bishops. The clergy enjoy a 
very large revenue derived from tithes. The number of 
the clergy of the Established Church, is 11,600. 

FINANCES. 

The net annual produce of the British revenues, is 
about £43,000,000 sterling, exclusive of the poor rates, 
and the tithes for the support of the clergy. The annual 
interest of the public debt amounts to £27,000,000, the 
other expenses of the government to £18,000,000, and 
there is an annual surplus, for reducing the public debt, 
of about £3,000,000. The nominal capital of the public 
debt is £850,000,000. 


ARMY. 

The present effective force of the British army is 
88,000 men, exclusive of a force of20,000 men, supported 
by the East India Company. 

NAVY. 

The British navy is the largest in the world. The 
number of ships of war is 600. The number in commis¬ 
sion, in time of peace, is about 150. 

COMMERCE. 

England is the richest and most commercial country in 
the world. The amount of the annual imports of foreign 
merchandise is about £40,000,000 sterling, and the 
amount of exports of British and foreign produce and 
manufactures, is about £46,000,000. 

MANUFACTURES. 

The people of Great Britain have acquired great skill in 
the manufacture of every description of goods, particu¬ 
larly cotton and woollen of all sorts, as well as earthen 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


143 


and glass ware, and all articles made of iron, copper, tin, 
and lead, in which minerals the country abounds. 

What is the government of the British Empire ? 

What is the title of the king? By whom is the king succeeded 
after his death ? Of whom does the Parliament consist ? 

Who compose the House of Lords ? How many members are 
there in the House of Commons ? How are they chosen ? 

How long do they hold their seats ? What is the Established 
Church of England ? How are the clergy supported ? 

What is the number of the clergy ? 

What is the net annual amount of the British revenues ? 

What is the interest of the public debt ? 

What is the amount of the other expenses of the government ? 

How much is the public debt ? How many men are there in the 
British army ? How many ships are there in the navy ? 

What is said of the commerce of England ? What is the amount 
of imports of foreign merchandise annually ? What is the 
amount of exports of British and foreign produce and manu¬ 
factures ? What is said of the manufactures of Great Britain ? 


FRANCE. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The government is a constitutional monarchy. The title 
of the king, is, His Most Christian Majesty. The crown 
descends in the order of primogeniture, in the male line, 
to the exclusion of females. All the executive powers 
are vested in the king. The legislative power is vested 
in the king, together with the legislative chambers, 
called the Chamber of Peers, and the Chamber of Depu¬ 
ties. The peers are nominated by the king, and their 
number is unlimited. The Chamber of Deputies con¬ 
sists of members who are elected from the departments, 
in proportion to the number of inhabitants. 

RELIGION. 

All religions are permitted in France, but the court 
and the mass of the population are Roman Catholics. 
There are 14 archbishops and 66 bishops. There are 
about 6,000,000, of Protestants, of the Lutheran and 


144 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


Calvinistic denominations. The clergy of all religious 
sects are supported by the government, and receive from 
the public treasury more than $7,000,000, annually. 

FINANCES. 

The annual receipts of the revenue amount to 
$186,000,000. The capital of the unredeemed public 
debt is now about $750,000,000. 

ARMY. 

The army, in time of peace, consists of about 250,000 
men, besides the National Guard, an organized militia, 
of more than 1,000,000 of men. 

NAVY. 

The Navy consists of 36 ships of the line, 35 frigates, 
and a large number of smaller vessels. 

COMMERCE. 

The whole exports to foreign countries amount to 
about $90,000,000, and the imports or foreign produce 
to $80,000,000. The exports by land amount to 
$32,000,000, and the imports to $40,000,000. 

What is the government of France ? 

What is the title of the king ? How does the crown descend ? 

In whom are the executive powers vested ? 

The legislative power ? By whom are the peers nominated ? 

Who compose the Chamber of Deputies ? 

What is the religion of the Court and of most of the people of France? 

How many Archbishops and Bishops are there ? 

How many Lutherans and Calvinists are there ? 

How are the Clergy of France supported ? 

How much is the amount of the revenue of France annually ? 

How much is the public debt ? 

Of how many do the army consist in time of peace ? 

How many are there in the National Guard? 

Of what does the navy consist ? 

What is the amount of exports to foreign countries annually ? 

What is the amount of imports ? 

What the exports by land ? Imports? 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


145 


GOVERNMENTS and RELIGIONS. 

The following table exhibits the governments and re¬ 
ligions of the different Empires, Kingdoms, States, &.c. 
of the world, in addition to those before mentioned. 

AMERICA. 


Indians in North 
America, 
British America, 
Mexico, 
Guatimala, 
Colombia, 

Peru, 

Bolivia, 

Chili, 

United Provinces, 
Brazil, 

Patagonia, 

Hayti, 


Arabia, 

Turkey, 

Persia, 


Government. 
Independent Chiefs. 

Viceroys or Gov’nrs. 

Republican. 

Republican. 

Republican. 

Republican. 

Republican. 

Republican. 

Republican. 

Limited Monarchy. 
Independent Chiefs. 
Republican. 

EUROPE. 


ASIA. 

Independent Chiefs. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
N 


Religion. 

Pagan. 

Protest. & Catholic. 
Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Pagan. 

Catholic. 


Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Protestant. 

Protestant. 

Protestant and Cath. 
Protestant and Cath. 
Protestant and Cath. 
Protestant and Cath. 
Protestant and Cath. 
Protestant. 

Catholic. 

Catholic. 

Greek Church. 

Protestant. 

Protestant. 

Protestant and Cath. 

Mahometan. 

Catholic. 

Protestant and Cath. 


Mahometan. 

Mahometan. 

TVr-’ 


Spain, 

Portugal, 

Holland, 

Belgium, 

Wurtemburg, 

Hanover, 

Saxony, 

Bavaria, 

Baden, 

Norway & Sweden, 
Naples, 

States of the Church, 
Russia, 

Prussia, 

Denmark, 

Austria, 

Turkey, 

Sardinia, 

Switzerland, 


Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Hierarchy. 

Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Limited Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Republican. 


146 


CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


Afghanistan, 

Beloochistan, 

Hindostan, 

Thibet, 

Birman Empire, 
Empire of Ton quin, 
Chinese Empire, 
Independent Tartary, 
Siberia, 

Empire of Japan, 


Morocco, 

Egypt. 

Algiers, 

Tripoli, 

Tunis, 


Government. 

Absolute Monarchy. 
Independent Chiefs. 
Viceroys & Ind. Chfs. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Absolute Monarchy. 
Independent Chiefs. 
Viceroys or Gov’rs. 
Absolute Monarchy. 

AFRICA. 

Absolute Monarchy. 
Viceroy. 

Viceroy. 

Bashaw or Viceroy. 
Dey or Viceroy. 


Religion. 

Mahometan. 
Mahometan. 
Mahometan & Pagan. 
Pagan. 

Pagan. 

Pagan. 

Pagan. 

Mahometan. 

Pagan. 

Pagan. 


Mahometan. 

Mahometan. 

Mahometan. 

Mahometan. 

Mahometan. 


The remaining countries of Africa have kings and independent 
chiefs, and the religion is Mahometan and Pagan. 

The sovereigns of the islands of the Pacific Ocean, are kings and 
independent chiefs. 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


B. C. 

4004. The Creation of the world. 

2348. The universal Deluge. 

1012. Solomon’s Temple founded. 

753. The foundation of Rome by Romulus. 

536. Cyrus founds the Persian Empire. 

324. Alexander dies at Babylon, aged 33. 

146. Carthage destroyed by the Romans. 

31. Battle of Actium; end of the Roman Common¬ 
wealth. 

—. Birth of our Saviour, four years before the vulgar 
era. A. D. 

33. Crucifixion of our Saviour, on Friday, April 3. 
70. Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus. 

476. Extinction of the Western Empire of the Romans. 
622. Era of the Hegira, or flight of Mahomet. 



CIVIL GEOGRAPHY. 


147 


A. D. 

800. New Empire of the West, under Charlemagne. 
827. Beginning of the kingdom of England, under 
Egbert. 

1096. First Crusade to the Holy Land. 

1258. End of the Caliphate, or Saracen Empire. 

1340. Gunpowder invented at Cologne by Swartz. 

1440. The art of Printing invented. 

1453. End of the Eastern Empire; Turks take Constan¬ 
tinople. 

1492, America discovered by Columbus. 

1517. The Reformation in Germany begun by Luther. 
1603. Union of the crowns of England and Scotland, un¬ 
der James I. 

1620. First English settlement in New England, at Ply¬ 
mouth. 

1776. Independence ofthe United States, declared July 4. 

1788. The Constitution of the United States adopted. 

1789. The French Revolution; Louis XVI. beheaded,. 

1793. 

1804. Bonaparte crowned Emperor of France. 

1812. War declared by U. S. of America against Great 
Britain. 

1814. Napoleon dethroned and banished to Elba. 

1815. British repulsed at New Orleans, by Gen. Jackson. 
-. Napoleon landed in France, from Elba. 

-. Battle of Waterloo, June 17, and 18. 

-. Peace ratified between U. S. of America and 

Great Britain. 

-. Napoleon surrendered himself to Great Britain. 

-. Napoleon landed at St. Helena, Oct. 13. 


The following is a list of the Presidents of the United States. 


George Washington, from 1789 to 1797; 8 years. 
John Adams. “ 1797 “ 1801; 4 " 


Thomas Jefferson, “ 
James Madison, 

James Munroe, 

John Quincy Adams, “ 
Andrew Jackson, 


1801 “ 1809; 8 ‘ 

1809 “ 1817; 8 ‘ 

1817 “ 1825; 8 f 
1825 “ 1829; 4 * 

1829 “ -; - ‘ 







STATISTICS. 


UNITED STATES. 


Population of the different States, at each census, from 1790 to 1830. 


STATES. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

Slaves. 

Maine 

96,540 

151,719 

228,705 

298,335 

399,437 

0 

N. Hamp. 

141,899 

183,762 

214.360 

244,161 

269,367 

0 

Vermont 

85,416 

154,465 

216,713 

235,764 

280,679 

0 

Mass. 

378,717 

423,245 

472,040 

523,287 

610,014 

0 

R. Island 

69,110 

69,122 

77,031 

83,059 

97,210 

0 

Connecticut 

238,141 

251,002 

262,042 

275,202 

297,513 

0 

New York 

340,120 

586,756 

959,049 

1,372,812 

1,913,508 

0 

New Jersey 

184,139 

211,949 

245,555 

277,575 

320,779 

2,246 

Pennsylva. 

434,373 

602,365 

810,091 

1,049,458 

1,347,672 

386 

Delaware 

59,096 

64,273 

72,674 

72,749 

76,739 

3,305 

Maryland 

319,728 

341,548 

380,546 

407,350 

446,913 

102,878 

D.Columbia 


14,098 

24,022 

33,039 

39,588 

6,050 

Virginia 

748,308 

880,200 

974,622 

1,065,379 

1,211,266 

463,637 

N. Carolina 

393,751 

478,103 

555,500 

638,829 

738,470 

246,462 

S. Carolina 

249,073 

345,591 

415,115 

502,741 

581,458 

315,665 

Georgia 

82,548 

162,101 

253,433 

340,987 

516,504 

217,470 

Kentucky 

73,077 

220,555 

406,511 

564,317 

688,844 

165,350 

Tennessee 

35,791 

105,602 

281,727 

422,813 

684,822 

142,382 

Ohio 


45,365 

230,760 

581,434 

937,679 

0 

Indiana 


4,375 

24,520 

147,178 

341,582 

0 

Mississippi 


8,850 

40,352 

75,448 

136,806 

65,656 

Illinois 



12,282 

55,211 

157,575 

746 

Louisiana 



76,556 

153,407 

215,791 

109,631 

Missouri 



20,845 

66,586 

140,084 

24,990 

Alabama 




127,901 

309,206 

117,294 

Michigan 



4,762 

8,896 

31,128 

27 

Arkansas 




14,273 

30,383 

4,578 

Florida 





34,725 

15,510 


3,929,82715,305,046 

7,289,813 

9,638,191 

12,855,542 

2,004,263 


UNITED STATES CONGRESS. 

Each State has two Senators. One Representative is chosen for 
every 47,700 inhabitants :—and by the census of 1830, each State 
has as follows:— 


Maine 

8 

Pennsylvania 

28 

Tennessee 

13 

New Hampshire 

5 

Delaware 

1 

Ohio 

19 

Vermont 

5 

Maryland 

8 

Indiana 

7 

Massachusetts 

12 

Virginia 

21 

Mississippi 

2 

Rhode Island 

2 

North Carolina 

13 

Illinois 

3 

Connecticut 

6 

South Carolina 

9 

Louisiana 

3 

New York 

40 

Georgia 

9 

Missouri 

2 

New Jersey 

6 

Kentucky 

13 

Alabama 

5 


The number of Electoral votes to which each is entitled in the 
choice of President, is equal to its number of Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives in Congress. 



























STATISTICS 


149 


Population of the principal towns in the several States , in 1830 . 


Maine. 


Portland, 

12,601 

Bath, 

3,773 

Hallowell, 

3,964 

East port, 

2,450 

Augusta, 

3,980 

Bangor, 

2,866 

Belfast, 

3,077 

Gardiner, 

3,707 

Brunswick, 

3,747 

Saco, 

3,220 

Thomaston, 

4,221 

New Hampshire 


Portsmouth, 

8,082 

Dover, 

5,449 

Concord 

3,727 

Exeter, 

2,757 

Keene, 

2,374 

Haverhill, 

2,153 

Amherst 

1,657 

Vermont . 


Montpelier, 

2,985 

Windsor, 

3,134 

Burlington, 

3,526 

Rutland, 

2,753 

Brattleboro’, 

2,143 

Bennington, 

3,420 

Middlebury, 

3,468 

Massachusetts. 


Boston, 

61,392 

Salem, 

13,886 

Newburyport, 

6,388 

Marblehead, 

5,152 

Lynn, 

6,138 

Gloucester, 

7,513 

Roxbury, 

5,249 

Lowell, 

6,474 

Charlestown, 

8,783 

Cambridge, 

6,071 

New Bedford, 

7,592 

Worcester, 

4,172 

Taunton, 

6,045 

Haverhill, 

3,920 

Troy, 

4,159 

Amherst, 

2,630 

Andover, 

4,540 

Beverly, 

4,079 

Plymouth, 

4,750 

Middleboro’, 

5,008 

Dorchester, 

4,064 

Nantucket, 

7,205 

Springfield, 

6,784 

Northampton, 

3,613 

Dedham, 

3,120 

Barnstable, 

3,975 

Pittsfield, 

3,570 

Rhode Island . 


Providence, 

16,832 

Newport, 

8,010 

Bristol, 

3,054 

South Kingston, 

3,663 

Scituate, 

3,994 

Warwick, 

5,529 

Smithfield, 

6,858 

North Kingston, 

3,036 

Connecticut. 


New Haven, 

10,678 


Hartford, 

9,789 

Middletown, 

6,892 

New London, 

4,356 

Litchfield, 

4,456 

Fairfield, 

4,226 

Norwich, 

3,144 

New York. 


New York, 

203,007 

Albany, 

24,238 

Rochester, 

9,269 

Troy, 

11,405 

Brooklyn, 

15,396 

Buffalo, 

8,653 

Utica, 

8,324 

Schenectady, 

4,258 

Tthaca, 

5,270 

Poughkeepsie, 

7,222 

Auburn, 

4,486 

Hudson, 

5,395 

Newburgh, 

6,424 

Canandaguia, 

5,162 

Fishkill, 

8,292 

Washington, 

3,036 

Bethlehem, 

6,092 

Batavia, 

4,270 

Catskill, 

4,860 

Ellisburgh, 

5,282 

Watertown, 

4,768 

Brookfield, 

4,367 

Lenox, 

5,039 

Johnstown, 

7,703 

Manlius, 

7,375 

Onondaga, 

5,668 

Seneca, 

6,160 

Lockport, 

3,823 

Plattsburgh, 

4,913 

New Jersey 


New Brunswick, 

7,830 

Newark, 

10,953 

Patterson, 

7,730 

Trenton, 

3,925 

Elizabethtown, 

3,450 

Pennsylvania 

• 

Philadelphia, 

167,800 

Pittsburg, 

12,542 

Lancaster, 

7,684 

Reading, 

5,859 

York, 

4,216 

Harrisburgh, 

4,307 

Carlisle, 

2,523 

Chambersburg, 

2,794 

Wilkesbarre, 

2,233 

Lebanon, 

7,704 

Delaware, 


Wilmington, 

6,628 

Dover, 

1,300 

Maryland. 


Baltimore, 

80,625 

Fredericktown, 

4,427 

Hagerstown, 

3,370 

Annapolis, - 

2,623 

Virginia . 


Richmond, 

16,060 

Norfolk, 

9,816 

Petersburg, 

8,320 

Lynchburg, 

6,700 

YVinchester, 

4,300 

13* 



Fredericksburg, 

3,307 

Wheeling 

5,220 

North Carolina 

• 

Raleigh, 

1,700 

Newbern, 

3,776 

Fayetteville, 

2,868 

Wilmington, 

2,800 

Washington, 

1,400 

South Carolina 


Columbia, 

3,309 

Charleston, 

30,289 

Georgetown, 

2,000 

Georgia. 

Milledgeville, 

1,599 

Savannah, 

7,303 

Augusta, 

6,690 

Alabama. 

Cahawba 

2,300 

Mobile 

3,194 

Tuscaloosa, 

1,600 

Mississippi. 

Jackson, 

1,700 

Natchez, 

2,790 

Monticello, 

2,300 

Louisiana. 

New Orleans, 

46,309 

Baton Rouge, 

2,500 

Tennessee. 

M u rfreesborou gh, 

2,300 

Nashville, 

5,566 

Knoxville, 

3,642 

Kentucky. 

Frankfort, 

1,980 

Lexington, 

6,104 

Louisville, 

10,352 

Ohio. 

Cincinnati, 

24,830 

Columbus, 

2,437 

Steubenville, 

2,937 

Zanesville, 

3,094 

Chillicothe, 

2,846 

Indiana. 

Indianapolis, 

1,200 

Vincennes, 

1,800 

Illinois. 

Vandalia, 

500 

Shawneetown, 

600 

Mayeville, 

750 

Missouri. 

Jefferson, 

1,332 

St. Louis, 

5,852 

District of Columbia. 

Washington, 

18,827 

Alexandria, 

8,263 

Georgetown, 

8,440 

Florida. 

Tallahassee, 

2,633 

Pensacola, 

3,000 

St. Augustine, 

1,377 

Michigan. 

! Detroit, 

2,222 

Northwest Territory. 

Population, 

144,000 

Arkansas. 

Population, 

121,000 

Missouri. 

.Population. 

930,000 










150 


STATISTICS 


BRITISH AMERICA. 


Provinces , fyc. Pop. 
L. Canada, 430,000 
U. Canada, 220,000 
Nova Scotia, 140,000 
N. Brunswick, 90,000 
Newfoundland, 80,000 

Cap^BrXn'l} 

Bermudas, 10,000 

1,000,000 

Towns. 

Montreal, 25,000 

Quebec, 22,000 

Halifax, 15,000 

St. Johns, 10,000 

York, 4,000 

MEXICO. 

Cities. Pop. 

Mexico, 150,000 

Puebla, 70,000 

Guadalaxara, 50,000 

Guanaxuato, 36,000 

Cities. Pop. 

Queretaro, 35,000 

Zacatecas, 33,000 

Guaxaca, 24,000 

Valladolid, 18,000 

Cities. Pop. 

Vera Cruz, 16,000 

Cholula, 16,000 

Durango, 13,000 

Xalapa, 13,000 

GUATIMALA. 

Cities. Pop. 

Guatimala, 39,000 

San Salvador, 50,000 

Cities. Pop. 

Leon, 38,000 

Chiquimula, 37,000 

Cities. Pop. 

Cartago, 26,000 

Vera Paz, 12,000 

WEST INDIES. 

Pop. 

Hayti, Independent. 935,000 

Spanish Islands, 929,000 

British do. 800,000 

French do 228,000 

Danish do. 38,000 

Dutch do. 32,000 

Swedish do 8,000 

2,970,000 

Towns. Pop. 

Havanna, 130,000 

Porto Rico, 40,000 

Kingston, 33,000 

St. Pierre, 29,000 

Port au Prince, 25,000 

St. Jago de Cuba, 20,000 

Villa del Principe, 20,000 

Cape Haytien, 15,000 

South American States. 

States. Pop. 

Brazil, 4,000,000 

Colombia, 3,000,000 

United Provinces, 2,000,000 

Peru, 1,600,000 

States. Pop. 

Bolivia, 1,200,000 

Chili, 800,000 

Population of the Chief Towns. 

Brazil. 

Rio Janeiro, 120,000 
St. Salvador, 150,000 
Pernambuco, 61,000 
San Paulo, 30,000 

Cuyaba, 30,000 

Para, 28,000 

Maranham, 26,000 

Colombia. 

Quito, 70,000 

Bogota, 50,000 

Caraccas, 30,000 

Popayan, 25,000 

Carthagena, 25,000 

Maracaybo, 22,000 

Cumana, 25,000 

United Provinces. 
Buenos Ayres, 80,000 
Monte Video, 10,000 

Assumption, 9,000 

Peru. 

Lima, 60,000 

Cuzco, 30,000 

Arequipa, 30,000 

Guamanga, 25,000 

Bolivia. 

La Paz, 20,000 

Chili. 

Santiago, 40,000 

Valparaiso, 10,000 

Guiana. 

Paramaribo, 20,000 



























STATISTICS. 


151 


Population of the different Countries of Europe. 


Russia, 50,000,000 

France, 32,000,000 

Austria, 32,000,000 

Great Britain, 21,000,000 

Spain, 14,000,000 

Prussia, 12,700,000 

Turkey, 9,000,000 

Two Sicilies, 7,000,000 

Sardinia, 4,300,000 

Poland, 4,100,000 

Bavaria, 4,000,000 

Sweden & Norway, 3,800,000 


Belgium, 

Portugal, 

States of Church, 

Holland, 

Switzerland, 

Denmark, 

Hanover, 

W urtemberg, 
Saxony, 

Tuscany, 

Baden, 

Greece, 


3,600,000 

3,500,000 

2,500,000 

2,300,000 

2,000,000 

2,000,000 

1,500,000 

1,500,000 

1,400,000 

1,300,000 

1,100,000 

600,000 


Population of the different Cities in Europe. 


21,000 

20,000 


21,000 


JYorway. 
Bergen, 

Christiana, 

Sweden. 
Stockholm, 
Gottenburg, 

Russia. 

St. Petersb’rg, 320,000 
Moscow, 250,000 

Poland. 
Warsaw, 135,000 

Cracow, 26,000 

Denmark. 

Copenhagen, 104,000 
Holland. 
Amsterdam, 201,000 

Rotterdam, 60,000 

The Hague, 49,000 

Belgium. 
Brussels, 80,000 

Antwerp, 66,000 

Ghent, 61,000 

England. 
London, 1,225,000 
Manchester, 134,000 

Liverpool, 
Birmingham, 

Bristol, 

Leeds, 

Plymouth, 

Scotland. 
Glasgow, 147,000 

Edinburgh, 138,000 


Ireland. 

Dublin, 227,000 

Cork, 101,000 

Limerick, 59,000 

79,000 Belfast, 37,000 

Prussia. 

Berlin, 236,000 

Konigsberg, 68,000 

Cologne, 64,000 

Hanover. 

Hanover, 26,000 

Saxony. 

Dresden, 56,000 

Free Cities. 

Hamburg, 120,000 

Frankfort, 54,000 

Bremen, 40,000 

Lubec, 22,000 

Small States. 
Brunswick, 36,000 

Carlsruhe, 20,000 

Wurtemlrurg. 
Stuttgard, 25,000 

Bavaria. 

Munich, 75,000 

Austria. 

Vienna, Ger. 310,000 
Prague, do. 117,000 
Trieste, do. 40,000 
Milan, Italy , 140,000 

Venice, do. 113,000 

Sicitzerland. 
Geneva, 25,000 


119,000 

107,000 

88,000 

84,000 

61,000 


Berne, 18,000 

France. 

Paris, 890,000 

Lyons, 160,000 

Marseilles, 116,000 

Bourdeaux, 94,000 

Rouen, 87,000 

Spain. 

Madrid, 201,000 

Barcelona, 100,000 

Seville, 96,000 

Cadiz, 70,000 

Granada, 67,000 

Valencia, 60,000 

Portugal. 

Lisbon, 240,000 

Oporto, 80,000 

Kingdom of Sardinia. 
Turin, 118,000 

Genoa, 80,000 

Tuscany. 

Florence, 79,000 

Leghorn, 51,000 

States of the Church. 
Rome, 142,000 

Two Sicilies. 
Naples, 357,000 

Palermo, 152,000 

Turkey in Europe. 
Consta’nople, 500)000 
Adrianople, 100,000 

Salonica, 70,000 

Bucharest, 60,000 












152 


STATISTICS 


Population of the different Counlries of Asia. 


Chinese Empire, 185,000,000 

Hindostan, 126,600,000 

Farther India, 30,000,000 

Japan, 25,000,000 

Turkey in Asia, 11,000,000 

Persia, 10,000,000 

4C 

Arabia, 

Afghanistan, 

Russia in Asia, 
Independent Tartary, 
Beloochistan, 

Oceanica, 

10,000,000 

10,000,000 

7,000,000 

4,000,000 

2,000,000 

20,000,000 

Population of the different Cities of Asia. 

Turkeu in Asia. 

Samarcand, 

50,000 

Bombay, 

200,000 

Aleppo, 

200,000 

Tashkund, 

30,000 

Delhi, 

150,000 

Damascus, 

150,000 

Persia. 

Farther India. 

Smyrna, 

130,000 

Ispahan, 

200,000 

Ummerapoora 

100,000 

Bagdad, 

80,000 

Teheran, 

100,000 

Rangoon, 

30,000 

Diarbekir, 

50,000 

Afghanistan. 

China. 

Jerusalem, 

30,000 

Cashmere, 

150,000 

Pekin, 

1,500,000 

Russia in Asia. 

Cabul, 

100,000 

Hang-tcheou, 

1,000,000 

Astracan, 

60,000 

Herat, 

100,000 

Nankin, 

800,000 

Tobolsk, 

25,000 

Beloochistan. 

Canton, 

800,000 

Arabia. 

Kelat, 

20,000 

Thibet. 

Mecca, 

20,000 

Hindostan. 

Lassa, 

30,000 

Muscat, 

15,000 

Calcutta, 

600,000 

Chinese Tartary. 

Mocha, 

15,000 

Benares, 

580,000 

Casligar, 

30,000 

Independent Tartar)/. 

Surat, 

450,000 

Japan. 

Bukharia, 

70,000 

Madras, 

300,000 

Jeddo, 

1,500,000 


Population of the different Countries of Africa 

• 

Morocco, 

5,000,000 

Benin, 

1,500,000 

Senaar, 

900,000 

Egypt, 

2,500,000 

Algiers, 

1,500,000 

Dahomey, 

900,000 

Abyssinia, 

2,000,000 

Tunis, 

1,500,000 

Darfour, 

200,000 

Bor non, 

2,000,000 

Tripoli, 

1,000,000 

Fezzan, 

200,000 

Fela. Emp 

2,000,000 

Ashantee, 

1,000,000 

C. Colony, 

120,000 

Bambarra, 

1,500,000 






Population of the principal Cities of Africa. 


Egypt. 

Cairo, 

Damietta, 

Rosetta, 

Alexandria, 


Algiers. 


Morocco, 


80,000 


259,000 Algiers, 100,000 Tunis. 

30,000 Constantina, 50,000 Tunis, 120,000 

16,000! Morocco. | Timbuctoo. 

15,000 Fez, 100,000 Timbuctoo, 12,000 


Number of Indians urithin the United States. 


New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, 7,693 

North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, 8,400 

Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Tennessee, 44,539 

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, 17,458 

Michigan, Arkansas, Florida, and Northwest Territory, 40,740 

Between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, exclusive of 
Louisiana, Missouri, and Arkansas Territory, 94,300 

West of the Rocky Mountains, 100,000 


Total, within the United States, 313,130 





















A LIST OF NOTED ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL 

PRODUCTIONS; 

■WITH THF. NAMES OF THE COUNTRIES PRODUCING THEM. 


ALAB ASTER —Spain, Italy, 
England, America. 

Alligator —North America, South 
America, and northern parts of Africa. 

Allspice —West Indies. 

Almonds —Spain, France, Italy, 
the Levant, Arabia, Asia, Africa. In¬ 
digenous to Greece. 

Aloes —America, the West Indies. 
The medicinal aloes are indigenous to 
India, Africa, and Italy. 

Amber —in mines in Prussia, near 
the sea-coast; on the shores of Sicily; 
on the southern shores of the Baltic, 
and the eastern shores of England ; 
Mexico. 

Ambergris —this is obtained from 
the Cachalot—see Spermaceti. 

Amethyst — Sweden, Bohemia, 
Saxony, and other parts of Europe; 
Siberia, India, Mexico, Brazil. 

Anise-seeds —Egypt, to which 
they are indigenous; Syria, and other 
eastern countries; Spain, and Malta. 

Arack (a spirituous liquor)—Bata¬ 
via, from rice; Goa, from the juice of 
the cocoa-tree. 

Arrow-root —East Indies, South 
America, West Indies. 

Arsenic —Great Britain, Saxony, 
Bohemia, Hungary, Mexico, &c. 

Asafcetida (a kind of gum)—Per¬ 
sia. 

Asbestos (an incombustible kind 
of earth)—the Ural, and some other 
European mountains; Swedish Lap- 
land, Candia, China. 

Asphaltum (a friable kind of bitu¬ 
men)—the Dead Sea, many parts of 
Europe and America, the Island of 
Trinidad, &c. 

BANANA (a species of plantain) 
—Egypt; and the West Indies, and 
other tropical countries. 

Barilla (an alkaline salt, used in 
making glass)—Spain. 

Bergamot (a perfume)—Bergamo 
in Italy. 

Beryl (a gem)—Siberia; Dauria, 
on the frontiers of China; Saxony, 
South of France, North America, 
Brazil. 


Bird of Paradise —the Island 
of Papua. 

Black Swan —Botany Bay. 

Boa Constrictor —Africa, South 
America, India. 

Box-wood —Spain, Turkey. 

Brandy —France (chiefly in Cog¬ 
nac and Nantes); also in England, 
but of inferior quality. 

Buffalo —Asia, Africa, America. 

Burgundy IVine. France. 

CAL ABA SH TR EE— the East 
Indies, America, West Indies. 

Camphor (a vegetable product)— 
China, Japan, and the East-Indian 
Isles, Borneo, and Ceylon. 

Canary-bird —Africa, the Canary 
Islands, Italy, and Greece. 

Cantharides (a kind of beetle, used 
in making blisters)—Spain, Italy, and 
South of France. 

Capers (the buds of a plant)—the 
South of France, Italy, the Levant. 

Capsicum (a pepper plant)—East 
Indies, Mexico, South America, West 
Indies. 

Cassia (an aromatic bark)—China, 
East Indies, South America, West 
Indies. 

Castor Oil (from the seeds of a 
species of palm)—the East Indies, 
South America, West Indies. 

Cayenne Pepper —East Indies, 
South America, West Indies. 

Chameleon —Egypt and Barbary, 
India, Mexico, Guiana. 

Champagne Wine —France. 

Chinchilla (fur)—Chili. 

Chocolate (cacao)—Mexico, South 
America, West Indies. 

Cinnabar (a red paint)—the Pa¬ 
latinate of Germany, Indria in Bohe¬ 
mia, and Almaden in Spain. 

Cinnamon —the East Indies (chief¬ 
ly Ceylon) ; South America (Guiana). 

Citron —Europe (Genoa, Florence, 
&c.), Asia, West Indies. 

Claret Wine —the neighborhood 
of the Garonne, on the western coast 
of France. 

Cloves —the Molucca Islands; the 






154 


LIST OF PRODUCTIONS, &C. 


Isles of France and Bourbon; South 
America (Cayenne). 

Cochineal (an insect used in dye¬ 
ing and painting)—the East Indies, 
Mexico, Soutli America. 

Cocoa-nut —the East Indies, Ara¬ 
bia, Africa, South America, West 
Indies. 

Coffee —Arabia (Mocha), East In¬ 
dies, West Indies. 

Copal (a kind of resin)—Africa, 
and America. 

Copper —Anglesea and Cornwall, 
Sweden, Norway, Iceland, and the 
Feroe Islands, and various parts of the 
continent; China and Japan, South¬ 
ern Africa, North America, Peru, and 
Chili. 

Coral (a marine animal production) 
—the Mediterranean (about Sicily, 
Majorca, and Minorca) ; the Red Sea; 
off the coast of Africa; in the South 
Seas, &c. 

Cork —Portugal, Spain, and other 
parts in the South of Europe; Sicily 
(on Mount Etna), and the shores of 
the Mediterranean. 

Cornelian —the East Indies, Ara¬ 
bia, Egypt, various parts of Europe, 
and several of the British shores. 

Cotton —the Levant, Egypt, the 
East Indies, North America, South 
America, West Indies. The finest 
from Bengal, and the coast of Coro¬ 
mandel. 

Crocodile —Africa (the rivers Nile 
and Senegal, and all the rivers of 
Guinea) ; India (the Ganges). 

Crystal (a kind of gem)—Mada¬ 
gascar, South America (Brazil, Gui¬ 
ana), Norway, the Alps, Scotland. 

DA TES —Egypt, the African 
coast of the Mediterranean, Arabia, the 
East Indies, Persia, Spain, and Italy. 

Diamonds —the East Indies (Gol- 
conda, Borneo), Mexico, Brazil. 

Dromedary —the deserts of Ara¬ 
bia, and other parts of Asia, and of 
Africa. 

EIDER DOWN (from the Eider 
duck)—the north of Europe (chiefly 
Iceland), Asia, America. 

Elephant —Africa and the East 
Indies. The most esteemed are those 
of Ceylon. 


Elk, or Moose Deer -North 

America, some parts of Europe, and 
Asia, as far south as Japan. 

Emerald —Egypt and Ethiopia, 
Russia, the confines of Persia, Mexico, 
Peru. 

Emery (a mineral, used in polish¬ 
ing steel, &c.)—the Levant, Naxos, 
and other Grecian islands, Germany, 
Guernsey, Spain, Italy. 

FAN PALM —the south of Eu¬ 
rope, the East Indies (Malabar and 
Ceylon), Japan, Cochin China. 

Figs —Italy, the Levant, Turkey, 
the Grecian Islands, Portugal, Spain, 
and south of France. 

Flax —every quarter of the globe. 

Frankincense (a kind of gum)— 
Arabia. 

GALLS (a vegetable excrescence) 
—Asia Minor and Syria; the best 
from Aleppo. 

Gamboge (a resinous gum)—the 
East Indies. 

Garnet —Bohemia, and other parts 
of Europe, Madagascar, Ethiopia, In¬ 
dia, Syria. 

Gentian (a kind of bitter root)— 
the Alps, and other mountainous parts 
of the continent. 

Gin —originally at Schiedam, a 
village near Rotterdam, in Holland, 
and hence vulgarly called “ Hollands.” 
Common Gin, a deleterious mixture, 
made in great quantities in England, 
America. 

Ginger (an aromatic root)—tl»e 
East Indies, West Indies, Abyssinia, 
coasts of Guinea. 

Gold —Asia (Arabia, India, Java, 
Sumatra, Pegu, China, Japan, Sibe¬ 
ria), Africa, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, 
Chili. 

Grapes —France, Portugal, &c., in 
great perfection. 

Guiacum —the resin of the lignum- 
vita tree. 

Gum Arabic —Egypt, Barbary, 
Turkey, Persian Gulf. 

Gypsum —Spain, Italy, England, 
America. 

HELIOTROPE, or Bloodstone 
—Siberia, Persia, Buklmria. 

Hemp —Russia, and other parts of 
Europe (the best from Riga), Amei> 



LIST OF PRODUCTIONS, &C. 


153 


ca, the East Indies, and some parts 
of England. 

Hippopotamus —all the lakes and 
considerable rivers of Africa. 

Humming Bird, —South America 
(Guiana) and West Indies. 

Hytena (a species of wild dog)— 
Persia, Africa. 

INCENSE (a resinous perfume) 
—America. 

Indian Rubber, or Elastic Gum 
(the resinous juice of a tree)—Guiana, 
and other parts of South America. 

Indigo (a deep blue vegetable dye) 
—East Indies, Africa, America, West 
Indies. 

Ipecacuanha (a kind of root, used 
chiefly as an emetic)—South America 
(Brazil) and the West Indies. 

Iron —Sweden, Norway, Russia, 
England, Scotland, North America, 
Africa. 

Isinglass (fish glue)—Russia. 

Ivory —Asia (Achem and Ceylon) 
and Africa (Guinea, and the Cape of 
Good Hope). 

JACKAL (a species of wild dog) 
—Africa, and the warm parts of Asia. 

Jalap (a purgative root)—chiefly 
from Xalapa, in Mexico. 

Jasper — Egypt, Siberia, Spain, 
Sicily, Hungary, Bohemia, Saxony, 
Silesia, Mexico. 

Jet —various parts of Great Britain, 
Germany, France, Spain. 

Juniper Berries (from which 
Holland gin is distilled)—Sweden, 
Holland, Germany, the south of Eu¬ 
rope, Asia, America. 

LAC (a vegetable substance pre¬ 
pared by an insect)—the East Indies 
(Bengal). 

Lemons —Portugal, Spain, France, 
Italy, the Levant, Arabia, Jamaica, 
Mexico, East Florida. 

Leopard —Senegal, Guinea, and 
other parts of Africa. 

Lignum Vitce —the West Indies, 
chiefly Jamaica. 

Limes —North America, West In¬ 
dies. 

Lion— Africa, India, Persia, Japan. 

Llama (a species of camel)—Peru 
and Chili. 


Loadstone —Denmark, Sweden, 

Norway, Lapland. 

Logwood —Honduras and the 
West Indies. 

Lotus (a species of water-lily)—the 
hot parts of Africa, East Indies, Amer¬ 
ica. 

Lynx (a species of cat)—the north 
of Europe, Asia, and America. 

MACARONI— \iA\y, Sicily, Ger¬ 
many. 

Madder (a root used in dyeing)— 
the south of Europe, Holland, England. 

Madeira Wine —the Island of 
Madeira. 

Mahogany —Jamaica (the best), 
Cuba, Hayti, the Bahama Islands, 
Honduras, Panama, South America. 

Maize — America (particularly 
Mexico), and other warm climates, 
Italy, Germany. 

Manna (a vegetable product)—tlie 
south of Europe, particularly Sicily 
and Calabria. 

Marble —Spain, France, Italy, 
Sweden, Norway, the Island of Paros, 
England, Scotland, &c. The statuary 
marble is from Paros and Carrara. 

Molasses —the West Indies. 

Millet Seed —the south of Europe, 
Africa, the East Indies. 

Morocco Leather —the Levant, 
Barbary, Spain, France, Flanders. 

Mulberry —Italy (black), China 
(white), Virginia (red), the East In¬ 
dies, Japan, Siberia, Russia, East 
Florida. 

Musk (an animal odoriferous sub¬ 
stance)—Siberia, Persia, Thibet, 
Tonquin, Cochin China. 

Myrrh (a gum resin)—the coast 
of the Red Sea. 

NAPHTHA (a highly inflamma¬ 
ble fluid bitumen)—'Baku, on the shore 
of the Caspian Sea, Persia, Tartary, 
China, Italy, Peru. 

Nitre, (a neutral salt, the chief 
ingredient in gunpowder) — Spain, 
France, Naples, Egypt, the East In- 
dies. South America, &c. 

Nutmegs —the East Indies (Banda 
Isles), South America (Cayenne.) 

OLIVES — Portugal, Spain, 
France (Provence), Italy, Northern 
Africa, Mexico. 





156 


LIST OF PRODUCTIONS, &C. 


Onyx —the East Indies, Siberia, 
Bohemia, Saxony, Portugal. 

Opium (a concreted juice, obtained 
from a species of Poppy)—Arabia, 
Persia, and other warm regions of 
Asia; especially the East Indies. 

Oranges —Spain, Majorca, Portu¬ 
gal, Italy, Genoa, Nice, the Azores, 
America, West Indies. Oranges for 
wine, from Seville, in Spain. 

Ostrich —the torrid regions of Asia 
and Africa, South America. 

Ottar of Roses —Arabia, Persia, 
Turkey, East Indies. 

PALM-OIL TREE— South 
America. 

Pearls (a gem produced by a spe¬ 
cies of oyster or mussel)—Arabia, 
Persia, the East Indies (Ceylon), 
America (the Gulfs of Mexico and 
California, &c.) 

Pepper —the East Indies, America, 
West Indies, Cape of Good Hope. 

Pine Apple —Mexico, South Amer¬ 
ica, the hot parts of Africa, India, Ja¬ 
maica, &c. 

Plantain (a fruit,)—Africa, South 
America, West Indies. 

Platina — South America (near 
Quito, and Santa Fe.) 

Plumbago (a well-known mineral) 
England, and several countries on the 
Continent, America. 

Pomegranate— Spain. Italy, North¬ 
ern Africa, the West Indies, and other 
hot climates. 

Prunes —France (the neighborhood 
of Marseilles.) 

Pumice Stone —the neighborhood 
of Vesuvius, and other volcanoes. 

Q UICKSIL VER —Ionia, Hun¬ 
gary, Spain, Italy, East Indies, South 
America (Brazil, Peru.) 

RAISINS —Spain and Turkey. 

Resin (the residue from the distilla¬ 
tion of the oil of turpentine)—Sweden, 
and Norway. 

Rhubarb —'Asiatic Turkey, Russia, 
China, Persia, Tartary, the East In¬ 
dies. 

Rice —Asia (the East Indies and 
China), Egypt, and the north of Afri¬ 
ca, America, Spain, Italy, Turkey. 

Rock Salt —England, Italy, Po¬ 
land, America. 


«*** r * 

A 


at 


Rose W r ood —Jamaira, the Cana¬ 
ry Islands. 

Ruby —the East Indies (Ceylon), 
Peru, Brazil. 

Rum —Jamaica, and other West- 
India islands. 

SAGO (a fecula obtained from the 
pith of a species of palm)—Africa, 
Malabar, and the East-Indian Islands. 

Sal Ammoniac —India, Persia, 
Isle of Bourbon, Egypt, the neighbor¬ 
hood of Etna, Vesuvius, Hecla, and 
other Volcanoes, the Lipari Islands, 
&c. 

Sapphire —Brazil, the East Indies, 
Persia, Bohemia, France. 

Sardonyx —Iceland, the Feroe Is¬ 
lands, Bohemia, Saxony, Ceylon. 

Senna (the leaves of a plant)— 
Arabia, Persia, Upper Egypt, import¬ 
ed from Alexandria. 

Silk —Spain, the south of France, 
Italy, the Levant, Persia, China, the 
East Indies. 

Silver —Africa, Mexico, Peru (Po- 
tosi), Spain, Germany, Siberia, Swe¬ 
den, Norway (Konigsburg), Eng¬ 
land (in the lead mines). 

Soy (a liquid condiment prepared 
from a kind of pulse)—China and Ja¬ 
pan. 

Spermaceti —the produce of the 
cachalot, a large fish of the whale or¬ 
der, inhabiting the European seas, 
the coasts of New England, and Da¬ 
vis’s Straits. 

Sponge (a marine animal produc¬ 
tion)—the Archipelago, the Mediter¬ 
ranean, and Indian Seas. 

Sugar —East-India Islands, China, 
W est Indies. 

Sulphur —Italy, Sicily, Naples, 
Spain, Norway, Siberia. 

Sumach —(a plant used in dyeing 
and tanning)—Spain, Portugal, the 
Levant. 

TA MA R IN D S— Arabia, tbt 
East Indies, America, West Indies. 

Tea —China (Pekin, Canton, Nan¬ 
kin), Japan. 

Tobacco (the leaves of a plant)— 
North America, Peru, the West In¬ 
dies, Asiatic Turkey, China, Philip¬ 
pine Islands. 


( 



























































RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY 

WTLLIAM HYDE & CO. 


At t’ e Boston Bookstore 

' A iLF-IC/N SCHOOL GEOGRA- 
Y i By Bai.num Field, a. m. 

"I owing Letter has been addressed to the 
Jlv by ' re Principals of the Public Grum- 
m outs, Bostoi ■ 

To Jb. si Field, Esq. 

Sir, vV’e have examined your work on 
Geography, and consider it decidedly prefer¬ 
able to any other now used-in our Public 
Schools. 

We are particularly gratified to find, that 
you have omitted the useless and unimpor¬ 
tant matter, generally embodied in other 
Sc ool Geographies, which makes it not on¬ 
ly necessary for the pupil to study over a 
heterogeneous mass of facts, altogether d.s- 
conuected wi’h the main subject, but like¬ 
wise dooms him to the mental drudgery of 
col imilting 0 recitin'* numerous cata¬ 
logues of uniujj, rtant 1 . oes and localities, 
which if recollected, would be worse than 
use’ess, and tend much to perplex the mind, 
ami impede the progress of the scholar in 
obtaining that knowledge of the subject 
which instruction is designed to impart. 
We think your system well adapted to the 
capacities of children and that it contains 
all that is in any w mportant to he taught 
in tl is elementary branch of education. 
Such other minute information on this sub¬ 
ject is may at times be necessary or useful, 
in the casual purposes of life, should be ob¬ 
tained from the larger books, Gazetteers, 
id Maps of reference, proper for the libra- 
v ; but it should by no means whatever, a' 
i? too frequently attempted, form any par 
the Text Books ut our Common Schools. 
We would add, that we are much pleased 
with the Maps accompanying the work, 
which unlike any we ha 0 seen, contain 
only the most prominent places, and are not 
cro. ipd and rendered wholly illegible by a 
multitude of inconsiderable and unimpor¬ 
tant place**. 

Respectfully, 

1 'ornelius Walker, Eliot School, 
Abraham Andrews, Bowdoin “ 

C;uri. 7 s Fox, Boylslon 11 

R. G. FarjO U, Franklin “ 

Samuel Barrett, Adams “ 

William P. Pace, Hawes “ 

Boston, October 31sf, 1831. 


ip following notice is from Mark A. D’W. 
Howe, A. M. Tutor in Brown Univer¬ 
sity, and late principal of one of the Pub¬ 
lic Schools iii Boston. 

The Geography of Mr Field, as a book 
for schools, possesses some decided advnn- 
1 1 s over any other with which I ai ic- 
ipmiii d. In the making of school bo ks, 
perl' 4 ’ 1 none of the many difficulties which 
arise, has had so little attention, as the 
seb m of materials. There are many mat¬ 
te • iinected \\ ith every branch of knowl- 
ett Lah cannot profitably be laid before 
ti e . ' ful mind, and which if forced upon 

it, wif only render its impressions of other 
itc 1 udisputed calue, confused and in- 

dist . The work in question bears evi- 


, 134 Washington Street, 

dence of much discernment in this respec* 
for while it has discarded a great rjr.ss o\ 
useless detail, which has condemned alums! 
every treatise on tlr abject, it omits no¬ 
thing, with which pupil of the age for 
which is is fitt» ,, ought .0 be acquainte 
Nor is arrangement of less consequent 
than judicious sek ion ; the great defect L 
all the school Gee : phies with which lam 
familiar, is the want of a lucid and philo¬ 
sophical arrangement. 

Nothing more effectually incapacitates a 
child for acquiring any knowledge of a sub¬ 
ject than being met on his first introduction 
to it, by a mass of disconnected facts ; by 
dividing and keeping separate throughout 
the various branches into which Geography 
resolves itself. Mr Field has, we think 
avoided this source of difficulty. 

A very cursory glance at the Maps wh : 
accompany this colume, will convince 
one of their adapted:; .;s to the use of 
young student, and st.il! .hey exhibit all 
important features \, inch a map is des 
to represent. 

From the Journal of Humanity , published at 
Andover , Mass. 

New School Geography. Wm. Hyde, of 
Boston, has just published “ the American 
School Geography, containing a general view 
of Mathematical, Physical and Civil Geogra¬ 
phy, adapted to the capacities of children, 
with an Atlas; bv Barnum Field, A. M. 
Principal if t'e i 4 ock Grammar School 
for Girls. n. ’ :ie principal claims of 
this woi e are informed in the Pre¬ 

face, are ton; . .! upon its mere systematic 
arrange, lent, and its freedom from that 
minuteness of d- tail, and unnecessary at¬ 
tention to unimportant matters, with which 
other treatises at a encumbered, and the 
study of which impedes the acquisition of 
enlarged and correct views of the science. 
Th *se are certainly faults with which the 
text books in common use are all in a great¬ 
er 0 4 less degree chargeable. We are pleas¬ 
ed with the ideas advanced in his preface, 
and with his arrangement and general treat¬ 
ment of the subject The whole work is 
executed in near cud appropriate style, and 
its appearance i. veil calculated to secure 
a favourable reception. 

From the American Traveller. 

Mr. Field, the Principal of the flancoc 
School for girls, has proved hin elf a jud 
cious Author as well as an Instruct 4 ; an i 
his Geography and Atlas, just published by 
Wm. Hyde, will probably he introduced as 
an elementary book in many of the public 
schools. Its excellence consists in its brevi¬ 
ty, simplicity and great clearness. There 
are no te 'iousness of description and min¬ 
uteness of detail, to load the raind and 
weary the memory ; r narration of unim¬ 
portant facts and blending together of dis 
tinr. subjects, to perplex the ambitious, and 
dishearten the weak ; but whatever is ne¬ 
cessary for a beginner in the department of 
Geography, is here brought vv'thin a small 
coo pass and arranged with the skilful hand 
of a master. 












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SmSTT OxMe 

ireatment Date: April 2015 

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f; r „ a i n , b ^J 0WnShip , PA 16066 

(724) 779-2111 




















